Sexual Orientation And Its Effect On Children s Health

Homosexuality has been a sensitive subject in society for a long time. In recent years, it has sparked both support and controversy in areas such as legalizing gay and lesbian marriage and various other matters that have arisen surrounding the movement towards equality of treatment and integration into society. One of these matters that has garnered attention is gay parenting. Parents play a crucial role indirect relation to children’s health, and well-being. Psychological and emotional development of children correlates directly from the relationship they have with their parents. With some states now allowing same-sex marriage or unions, the next step being taken is starting a family. There has been wide speculation into sexual orientation and whether it has an impact on homosexuals and their abilities to be good parents. Each parenting style reflects different elements that occur naturally in patterns of values, practices, and behaviors that parents place on disciplining and supporting their child. One such study was carried out producing results contrary to popular belief. Meezan and Rauch found that gay and lesbian parents are generally similar to heterosexual parents, and when differences were seen, they normally favored the same-sex parents. It was also found that the children of same-sex parents were not â€Å"confused about their gender identity† and were not â€Å"more likely to be homosexual† (Meezan and Rauch pg. 103). Their children were able to develop normally in allShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Same Sex Parenting1153 Words   |  5 Pagesparenting would argue that kids rose by gay parents are more at risk for mental disorders, social, sexual and gender development, depression and other negative effects, studies have shown that this is simply not true. In fact, a number of studies and articles have indicated that there is no negative effect or difference in outcomes between children that are raised by same-sex parents than children raised by heterosexu al parents. BACKGROUND According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were approximatelyRead MoreThe Sexual Orientation Of Parents Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 1: Stacey, J., Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66(2), 159-183. The goal of this study was to dispute the negative â€Å"heterosexism† perceptions attached to the development of children with parents who identify as gay and lesbian. The authors focused on the analysis of previous research findings, comparing the outcomes of the children from heterosexual single-mothers and homosexual parents, particularly lesbianRead MorePersonality and Sexual Orientation Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesHypothesis: Sexual orientation has an effect on one’s personality, even at birth. My Initial Hypothesis I believe that sexual orientation is not something that is learned. I believe that from the time we are born, we have imbedded in our minds our sexual preferences. I do not believe that a gay man is gay because of the choices that he has made in his life. I believe that he was born gay, but the choices and his environment have only reinforced it. Attachment is something that affects children when theyRead MoreIssue of Gay Marriage1216 Words   |  5 Pageswill acquire if same-sex marriage is legalized. Same-sex couples want the same rights that heterosexual couples have. If an emergency, such as a health crisis occurs between a gay couple, they have no say so in any of the healthcare decisions of their partner.   Ã‚   When a married person dies, his or her spouse is considered the next of kin.  Ã‚   The homosexual s surviving partner does not have that right.  Ã‚   Even in cases where wills are present, family members have sued for burial rights, property etc.Read MoreThe Fig ht For Equal Rights For Same Sex Marriages Across The United States1393 Words   |  6 Pageschallenged and the truth becomes clear. It is not right to take away the basic rights of a person because of their sexual orientation. It is not right for a homosexual couple to be at a disadvantage and lack financial security because of who they choose to love. It’s true, marriage is sacred but it does not have to be defined as a union between one-man-one-woman. Truth is sexual orientation should not be a factor in regards to government protection of the basic rights of the people. AccordingRead MoreTrials and Tribulations of a Homosexual Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesIllinois. It wasn’t until the 1960’s that gay rights started to make progress. In the year 1969 The Stonewall Riots took place when gay, lesbian, and transgender patrons of a New York bar were raided by the police. This forever changed the movement from isolated incidents to a world wide phenomenon. As generations proceeded, institutions such as the American Psychiatric Society began to classify homosexuality as a disease, which was later retracted in the 1970’s and was no longer considered a mentalRead MoreRaising Children in a Homosexual Household Does it affect them? 1639 Words   |  7 Pagesa parent’s sexual orientation affected their child’s sexual preference. There is significant research that has shown that children with lesbian parents do not differ from children with heterosexual parents. Many individuals stated that it is the value of the parent’s relationship with the child and not the parent’s sexual orientation that affects the child’s development. Contrary to the popular belief, children raised by lesbian parents are not more likely to become gay than children who are raisedRead MorePsychology: Questions on Cognitive Development1557 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage and speech patterns necessary for communication _A___ 3. Piaget called the incorporation of new objects into existing knowledge: a. assimilation b. object permanence c. conservation d. formal operations _D___ 4. For Jean Piaget, children deal with and adjust to the world through twin processes he called: a. conservation and revisionism b. motor learning and cognitive learning c. egocentric thinking and magical thinking d. assimilation and accommodation _B___ 5. Social andRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Effects On Society Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesdebated whether or not homosexuality is a choice that one freely makes, while others believe a combination of genetics, hormones and environment have a factor in one’s sexuality and sexual development. Homosexuality is something one cannot choose to be. Primarily, homosexuality can be defined as a romantic or sexual attraction that involves people of the same gender. Male homosexuals are referred to as gays while the female ones are called lesbians. Ideally, since time immemorial, there have beenRead MoreBullying and Sociological Stand Point1270 Words   |  6 Pagesharass there victims. In this report the topics that will be covered are why bullying is an issue to study in human development, describe three components or types of behavior in bullying that are observed by researchers. Explain how gender and sexual orientation that influence the styles of bullying, how bullying affects self-esteem and what affect does the family system have on bullying. After covering these topics hopefully there can be a better understanding on the reasons behind bullying.

The Plague Of Bubonic Plague - 1714 Words

â€Å"Some victims reportedly went to bed healthy and died in their sleep† (Gale). This terrible epidemic is known all over the world for it’s deadly and unique characteristics. The diffusion, history, and cure are just a couple universal aspects that contribute to the well known, yet unforgiving disease known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague diffused to many people during its time of dominance. To start, the Bubonic Plague is transmitted to other living organisms in a distinct way. The plague bacteria circulates among different populations of certain rodents without causing an excessive amount of rodent die-off (â€Å"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention†). When the bacteria finishes off the last of the rodent population the fleas are forced to turn on to humans (Benedictow). After three days of fasting the hungry rat fleas will do anything for the smell and taste of fresh human blood (Benedictow). Once the plague bacteria makes its way into the h uman society everything goes downhill from there. The plague bacteria is most often transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected flea (â€Å"Centers for Disease control and Prevention†). Also people can become infected when handling the tissue or body fluids of a plague-infected animal (â€Å"Centers for Disease control and Prevention†). Not only were the rat fleas involved in transmitting the disease, but also our own kind were a key contributor to the transmission of this deadly disease. Without even knowing, the black deathShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague896 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Death The Bubonic Plague was likely the first semi-global pandemic that rightfully merits the name which means affecting all people. The period of time in which the disease wreaked havoc was also known as the â€Å"Black Death. Alexandere Yersin was a French bacteriologist and discovered the bacteria in Hong Kong This diabolical disease is characterized by both positive and negative outcomes for the few people that managed to survive the plague. The total number of people who died subsequentlyRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1848 Words   |  8 Pages The Bubonic Plague killed over twenty-five million people during the Elizabethan Era (David Perlin, PhD and Ann Cohen). â€Å"The origins of the Black Death can be traced back to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in the 1320’s (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al).† The Bubonic Plague has picked up many nicknames. For example, it has been called â€Å"The Black Death,† and â€Å"one of the four horsemen of the apocalypseâ €  (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al). The Bubonic Plague was very prominent during its time with many people’s lives beingRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe plague was a catastrophic time in history, and happened more than once. It took millions and millions of people’s lives. It destroyed cities and countries, and many people suffered from it. What is the plague? The plague or referred to as the Black Death, according to the CDC (2015), â€Å"is a disease that affects humans and other mammals and caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handlingRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1675 Words   |  7 PagesBubonic Plague Ellery Perez Health Science Technology  Made of a canvas outer garment coated in wax, as well as waxed leather pants, gloves, boots and hat. A dark leather hood and mask with a very grotesque curved beak (Jackie Rosenhek, 2011). A serial killer, Halloween costume perhaps or a cosplay outfit for a horror movie? No, a doctor actually is what this outfit was meant for. Doctors wore this attire in the medieval times in order to protect themselves from the bubonic plague. We ve all heardRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1562 Words   |  7 Pagesquote by Matteo Villani, â€Å"It was a plague that touched people of every condition, age and sex. They began to spit blood and then they died—some immediately, some in two or three days, and some in a longer time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Crash Course World History, Min 6 Sec 43). The plague is known today as: the Bubonic Plague. When the plague eventually found its way into Europe in 1348, an estimated one to two thirds of the whole population was eradicated. But how did th e plague get there in the first place? It mostRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 PagesBubonic plague is believed to have brought the Byzantine empire to its knees in the 6th century. This is the first ever documented record of bubonic plague in human history. But the fact that bubonic plague continues to afflict human population even today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections becauseRead MoreBubonic Plague2091 Words   |  9 Pageshttp://ponderosa-pine.uoregon.edu/students/Janis/menu.html Abstract Bubonic plague has had a major impact on the history of the world. Caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis, and transmitted by fleas often found on rats, bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. Burrowing rodent populations across the world keep the disease present in the world today. Outbreaks, though often small, still occur in many places. The use of antibiotics and increased scientific knowledgeRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague825 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plague Discussion Questions The Black Death was an epizootic bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium of rodents known as Yersinia pestis. The bubonic plague overwhelming effects of European history. The Black Death was considered one of the most â€Å"devastating pandemics† in human history. Whom Did the Black Death Affect The Black death affected mostly Europe. â€Å"The disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53.† (Paragraph 1) â€Å"By the endRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bubonic plague has been said to be a part of history since the biblical eras and has had an undeniable effect on the development of contemporary civilization Gowen, B.S. (1907). The cause of the plague is not known. However, there is religious reference of God punishing sinners causing death and destruction using this deadly disease. Throughout the years, there has been a question to be answered by historians and medical professionals. This question is: if the destructive attributes of theRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, was a severe outbreak of disease that spread in Europe in the 14th century from 1346-1353. The disease spread faster then orig inally expected of killing only twenty or thirty percent but killed 60 percent of Europe s population ( Benedictow). It is believed the population of Europe was around eighty million and that would add up to be fifty million deaths. It was a horrific death for one to experience and can still be found in the world today

Training and Professional Development Free Essays

string(64) " details regarding planning objectives and methods of training\." Answer CASE STUDY : 1 A policy is a plan of action. It is a statement of intention committing the management to a general course of action. When the management drafts a policy statement to cover some features of its personnel programmes, the statement may often contain an expression of philosophy and principle as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Training and Professional Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although it is perfectly legitimate for an organization to include its philosophy, principles and policy in one policy expression. Q1) Why organizations adopt personnel policies explain the benefits? Recruitment and Selection Policies pertaining to the recruitment and selection process are the foundation of building any workforce. You must have a plan for creating applications, how to prequalify applicants, how applicants move up to become a candidate and other employment procedures. This set of policies also benefits current employees who refer applicants to your business. Training and Professional Development †¢ Provisions for employee training and development are included in human resource policy documents because it informs employees of the kind of professional development available to them. In addition, policies related to training and development assistance in the formulation of employee development plans or performance improvement plans. Training and development policies serve as an outline of educational benefits available to current employees. Handling Employee Concerns †¢ Many companies have written procedures for handling employee complaints, whether they are internal, informal complaints or allegations made about the employer to enforcement agencies. The benefit of this policy is to document your company’s commitment to nondiscriminatory practices and how such complaints are resolved. These policies also benefit employees because they provide important information about workplace communication in the event an employee is unsure of who she contacts to discuss any concerns or problems. Workplace Safety †¢ In a time when more than worker safety in the performance of her job is the primary issue addressed in safety policies, employers distribute policies that address matters such as workplace violence. These types of policies are generally discussed in detail with employee groups; an emergency evacuation policy isn’t effective if you don’t discuss it until the emergency happens. Another benefit to having a human resources safety policy is adherence to federal and state guidelines for workplace safety. Organizational Structure †¢ An introduction to the human resources policy manual explains the organizational structure, what departments fulfill which expectations and company leadership. In the introductory section, many employers also explain the company philosophy as it is related to customer service, co-workers, leadership and business ethics. Ethics statements are extremely popular, especially in a world where social responsibility is observed by so much of the population. This section of a human resources policy manual may also state the company’s compliance with federal, state and local anti-discrimination laws. Employment Rules †¢ Employees are accustomed to learning specific workplace rules such as dress code, discipline procedures, parking, attendance and working hours, holidays, employee benefits and payroll dates. The human resources policy on these issues is easy accessed by employees who have questions, or reviewed by new employees eager to learn more about their new employer. The benefit is that you have a written commitment to employees about the operation of the business. ============================================== Q2) What are the sources and content of personnel policies? PERSONNEL POLICY †¢ Personnel policies constitute guide to action. They furnish the general standards or basis on which decisions are reached. †¢ A policy is man-made rule or predetermined course of action that is established to guide the performance of work towards the organization. It is a type of standing plan that serves to guide subordinates in the execution of their work————- Edwin B. Flippo. †¢ Policies include that body of understanding which makes the action of each member of group in a given set of circumstances more predictable to other members. ——–Haynes and Massie. †¢ Policies are general statement or understanding which guide or channel thinking in decision making of subordinates. ——Koontz and O’Donnell. †¢ Personnel policies are statements of objectives for the guidance of management in its relations with employees. ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND SOURCES OF PERSONNEL POLICIES Policies stem from a wide variety of places and people. They are not created in a vacuum but are based on a few principal sources, which determine the content and meaning of policies. These are: †¢ The past experience of the organization. †¢ The prevailing practices. †¢ The attitude, ideals and philosophy of the board of directors. †¢ The knowledge and experience gained from handling personnel problems. †¢ Employees’ suggestions and complaints. †¢ Collective bargaining programme. State and national legislations. †¢ Changes in the country’s economy. †¢ International forces. †¢ Culture of the plant. †¢ The extent of unionism. †¢ The attitudes and social values of labour. †¢ The goals of the organization. †¢ The ethical points of view or the social responsibility. OBJECTIVES OF PERSONNEL POLICY †¢ Attention on objectives of the organization. †¢ M aximum individual development and satisfaction. †¢ Maximum use of resources. †¢ Offsetting uncertainty and change. †¢ Good industrial relations. †¢ Better control. Morale. †¢ Consistent treatment. †¢ Continuity of practice. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONNEL POLICY 1. A personnel policy is formulated in the context of organizational objectives. 2. A policy may be in written or it has to be interpreted from the behaviour of organizational members particularly people at top. 3. A policy is formulated through the various steps in the decision making process. 4. It provides guidelines. 5. Policy formulation is a function of all managers, however top management has important role in policy making. 6. Policy statement should be positive, clear and easily understood by everyone. 7. It provides two-way communication. 8. It should be balanced and maintain consistency. PRINCIPLE OF PERSONNEL POLICY ? Principle of common interest ? Principle of development ? Principle of recognition of work ? Principle of recognition of trade unions ? Principle of participation ? Principle of change STEPS IN POLICY ? Initiating the needs ? Fact – findings ? Putting the policy in writing ? Communicating the policy ? Evaluating the policy. CONTENTS OF PERSONEL POLICY Name of the company. †¢ Procedure and techniques of recruitment and selection. †¢ Organizational relationship—allocation of work authorities and responsibilities. †¢ Working conditions. †¢ Training and development— full details regarding planning objectives and methods of training. You read "Training and Professional Development" in category "Essay examples" †¢ Procedure of handling the grievance s. †¢ Rules and regulations. †¢ Joint consultation. †¢ Line of authority. †¢ Collective bargaining. †¢ Industrial relations. †¢ Health and safety. †¢ Welfare. †¢ Wages and salaries. Q3) Explain few personnel policies? MAIN POLICY STATEMENTS 1. Employment Policy———-to obtain suitable qualified and experienced personnel and to enable them to derive satisfaction from employment by offering them attractive wages, good working conditions, security and opportunities for promotions. 2. Training policy——-to provide adequate training facilities to enable employees to learn to do their job effectively and to prepare themselves for promotions. 3. Wage and salary policy—–to pay wages and salaries that compare favourably with those of other firms locally within a structure that has due regards for recognized differentials and individual ability. 4. Industrial relation policy—–to operate adequate procedures for dealing with disputes and grievances quickly and make every effort to improve relations between management and employees through the use of participative method. 5. Welfare policy—–to safeguard the health and safety of all employees and to provide such welfare and social activities as are sincerely desired by employees and are mutually beneficial to them and company. Q4) Explain principles of personnel policies? Principles of personnel policy Management Management for us means assuming responsibility for our stakeholders and delegating at the right level. We achieve both predefined and individual goals regardless of personal preferences and while maintaining equal opportunities, irrespective of origin, nationality, sex, sexual orientation, religion or age. Managers challenge and motivate, in the same way as they themselves are challenged and motivated. Employment plan The employment plan is discussed annually by the Board of Directors as part of the budget meet-ing. In principle, we want to avoid any labour reserves. We cover peak times using interdepartmen-tal support, overtime or temporary employees. Staff development We demand a high level of commitment and qualifications. We encourage the development of technical and social skills through training and further education. Because we invest a lot in our employees, we strive to maintain long-term employment relationships. We support young people by offering apprenticeships and/or internships. Social aspects We offer progressive working conditions and competitive employee benefits. We also provide as-sistance for employees who use public transport and help with health insurance provisions. Smok-ing is only permitted in designated areas. Salaries Our system ensures that our salaries are competitive, gender-neutral and meet requirements. The basic salary is the main component of the salary. In addition there is a variable component which is dependent on the extent to which individually agreed targets are achieved and on the operating performance of the company as a whole. More details are available in the Employment Regulations. Job structure We offer a practical infrastructure with modern, if not fashionable, working tools. Depending on the position, we are open to flexible working hours. Information, communication and behaviour Regarding information and communication, we practice the principle of reciprocity: actively com-municate information and actively obtain information. We behave in a respectful, loyal, open and honest manner, and act with integrity. We complete our tasks with dedication and to the best of our knowledge. Working environment We work in an environment of mutual trust. We hold joint events to build team spirit and mutual understanding. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ CASE STUDY : 2 Recruitment is understood as the process of searching for and obtaining applicants for jobs, from among whom the rights people can be selected. Theoretically, recruitment process is said to end with the receipt of applications, in practice the activity extends to the screening of applications so as to eliminate those who are not qualified for the job. Recruitment refers to the process of receipt of applications from job seekers. In reality, the term is used to describe the entire process of employee hiring. These are recruitment boards for railways, banks and other organization. Q1) Explain in detail the general purpose of recruitment? recruitment provides a desirable number of candidates for an organization’s open positions. Recruitment also manages the costs in time and money for hiring employees. Recruitment enables the organization to meet social and legal obligations. By sourcing, developing and recruiting candidates, recruitment facilitates the organization’s hiring process. The recruitment process is one of the most fundamental value added HR Processes. The recruitment is especially critical for managers in the organization. The managers use the recruitment process intensively, and satisfaction with Human Resources is mostly about the satisfaction with the recruitment process. The recruitment process is sensitive to the external and internal changes, and it can be used as the best indicator for the future HR trends. By careful analysis of HR Recruitment Measures, the HR Management team can predict the trends in the job market simply. Main Recruitment Process Goals The recruitment process is designed to staff the organization with the new employees, and it uses many different recruitment sources to attract the right talent in the defined quality and within a defined time. The recruitment process has several goals: †¢ Find the best talents for the vacancies Manage the recruitment sources †¢ Manage the vacancies in the organization †¢ Run the internal recruitment process †¢ Building the strong HR Marketing platform †¢ Co-operation with local and international universities †¢ Provide feedback about the trends in the job market Most recruitment goals are not visible to managers directly, and they use just sourcing of the job candid ates as the main outcome from the recruitment process. HR has to use the other outcomes from the recruitment process as it is the source of valuable information. Finding the best talents on the job market This is the most important goal of the recruitment process. The HR Recruiters are paid for delivering the candidates to managers, who make the final decision about hiring a new employee. The organizations are fighting for the best talents in the job market. HR Recruiters have to develop the competitive approaches to make the attractive job offers. The candidates select the organization, which is recognized for being modern and competitive. The job adverts and job offers have to reflect this. The managers love to hire the best employees available on the job market. They love to interview motivated job candidates. The role of HR is to describe the real need to the manager. Many times, the best job candidate is not the appropriate job candidate. Recruitment Sources Management The recruitment sources management is an extremely significant goal of the recruitment process. The recruitment sources deliver the candidates for the selection procedure in the organization. The better the candidates are; the higher quality job candidates can be hired. The proper management of the recruitment sources has a significant impact on the competitive advantage of the organization. The better employees do not have to be more expensive, but the organization has to manage the recruitment sources to attract the high quality job candidates. Building the Strong Internal Recruitment Process The external recruitment is not the only goal of the recruitment process. Building the strong internal recruitment helps the organization to keep the best talents in the organization. The employees have a chance to apply for a new job position, and they can change their career path. The internal recruitment is a difficult HR topic as the managers have to allow their best employees to take a new role within the organization. The role of Human Resources is in allowing the best employees to rotate and in supporting the managers in developing the successors. HR Marketing The HR Marketing is essential for the large organization, which need to attract many job candidates. The large organization cannot hire just the experts; they have to attract many university graduates. The graduates do select the employer by the strength of the brand name on the job market and offered opportunities in the organization. The HR has to design the recruitment activities, which support the name of the employer on the job market. The organization has to build a positive brand name, and it has to promote the job opportunities and excellent career paths. ========================= Q2) Explain factors governing Recruitment? Factors Governing Recruitment: Given its key role and external visibility, recruitment isnaturally subject to influence of several factors. These include external andinternal forces. External Forces: Of particular importance is the supply and demand of specific skills in the labour market. If the demand for a particular skill ishigh relative to the supply, an extraordinary recruiting effort may be needed. When the unemployment rate in a given area is high the companies’recruitment process may be simpler. The number of unsolicited applicantsis usually greater, and the increased size of the labour pool provides betteropportunities for attracting qualified applicants. On the other hand, as theunemployment rates drops recruiting efforts must be increased and newsources explored. Labour-market conditions in a local area are of primary importance inrecruiting for most non-managerial, supervisory and middle-mgt. positions. However, so far as recruitment for executive and professional positions areconcerned conditions of all India market are important. Another external factor is political and legal considerations. Reservation of jobs for SCs, STs, minorities, and other backward classes(OBCs) is a political decision. The companies’ image also matters inattracting large number of job seekers. Blue-chip companies’ attract largenumber of applications. Often, it is not the money that is important. It is theperception of the job seekers about the company that matters in attractingqualified prospective employees. Internal Factors: There are certain internal forces which deserveconsideration while recruiting personnel. One such internal factor is the recruiting policy of the organization. Most organizations have a policy onrecruiting internally (from own employees) or externally (from outside theorganization). Generally, the policy is to prefer internal sourcing, as own employees know the company well and can recommend candidates who fitthe organizations culture. Another related policy is to have temporary and part-time employees. An organization hiring temporary and part-time employees is in a less advantageous position in attracting sufficient applications. MNCs operating in our country prefer local citizens as they can understand local languages, customs and business practices well. A major internal factor that can determine the success of therecruiting programme is whether or not the company engages in HRP. Effective HRP greatly facilitates the recruiting efforts. Size is another internal factor having its influence on the recruitmentprocess. An organization with one hundred thousand employee will findrecruiting less problematic than an organization with just one hundredemployees. Cost of recruiting is yet another internal factor that has to beconsidered. Recruiting cost are calculated per new higher and fig. isconsiderable now-a-days. Recruiters must, therefore, operate withinbudgets. Careful HRP and forethought by recruiters can minimizerecruitment costs. One cost-saving measure, for instance, is recruiting formultiple job openings simultaneously. The best solution is to use proactivepersonnel practices to reduce employee turnovers, thus, minimizing theneed for recruiting. Evaluating the quality, quantity and cost of recruitmenthelps ensure that it is efficient and cost-effective. Finally, an organization registering growth and expansion will havemore recruiting on hand than the one which finds its fortunes declining. Q3) Explain the Recruitment process with diagram? AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS ———————————————————————————– PROCESS ELEMENTS FOR ALL POSITIONS ——————————————–! ————! ———————- STEP 1 PREPARING JOB ANALYSES PREPARING JOB DESC ——â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- STEP 2 PREPARING JOB SPECS ———————————————————————————– STEP 3 DECIDING TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT [ MEETS ALL GOVERNMENT REGULATION ON EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS] ———————————————————————————— STEP 4 ADVERTISING COPY/MEDIA PLAN] except for senior positions [ head hunting] [ MUST REFLECT TRUTH, NO FALSE INFORMATION, NO GENDER BIAS, NO DISCRIMINATION,NO AGE BAR, ETC] ————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ STEP 5 INTERNAL APPLICANT EXTERNAL APPLICANT except for tech [ outsourcing ] ONLINE APPLICANT and senior positions [ head hunting] ————————————————————————————————————————————– STEP 6 SIFTING APPLICATIONS ———————————————————————————————————– STEP 7 PERSONAL INTERVIEW -INDIVIDUAL PER TO PER —————————————————————————— —————– STEP 8 -PANEL INTERVIEW ——————————————————————————————————- STEP 9 -SELECTION BOARD only for senior positions ————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- STEP 10 TESTING [ BEHAVIORAL] -PSYCHOLOGICAL procedural element for all positions except senior position -PERSONALITY procedural element for all positions except senior position -ABILITY procedural element for all positions except senior position -APTITUDE procedural element for all positions except senior position -PSYCHOMETRIC procedural element for all positions ———————————————————————————————————————————— STEP 11 TESTING [ TECHNICAL ] only for tech. positions ———————————————————————————————————————————— STEP 12 ASSESSMENT CENTRE only for senior positions -POTENTIAL ———————————————————————————————————————————– STEP 13 OBTAINING REFERENCE procedural element for all positions ——————————————†”————————————————————————————- STEP 14 CHECKING REFERENCE procedural element for all positions ————————————————————————————————- STEP 15 MAKING DECISION procedural element for all positions [ NO DISCRIMINATION, NO COLOR BAR, NO SEX DISCRIMINATION, PURELY ON MERIT ] ———————————————————————————————— STEP 16 OFFERING EMPLOYMENT procedural element for all positions ————————————————————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- STEP 17 PREPARING EMPLOYMENT procedural element for all positions LETTER ———————————————————————————————————————————– STEP 18 -HR sends out letters to the unsuccessful candidates. ————————————————————————————— STEP 19 -HR CHECKS REFERENCES. [ ABIDE BY LAW ] ————————————————————————————— STEP 20 -HR SENDS OUT OFFER LETTERS TO SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES. —————————————————————————————- STEP 21 -THE LINE MANAGERS / AGREE TO THE START DATE AND INDUCTION PROGRAMME. ——————————————————————————– STEP 22 PERSONAL FILE CREATION -HR CREATES †PERSONAL FILE †. ——————————————————————————— STEP 23 HANDOVER TO HR / ADMINISTRATION -THE LINE MANAGER HANDS OVER THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR PAYROLL ADMIN AND INDUCTION TO HR. ———————————————————————————- STEP 24 -HR PREPARES WELCOME PACK / EMPLOYEE MANUAL. —————————————————————————————— STEP 25 ARCHIVING OF APPOINTMENT FILES. -HR ARCHIVES SELECTED CANDIDATES FILE. -HR DESTROYS UNSUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES FILES AFTER 6 MONTHS. [ BY LAW, ALL OLD FILES MUST BE DESTROYED ] ======================================================= ========================================================== Q4) Explain Recruitment planning? Recruitment is the process used by an organization to locate and attract job applicants in order to fill a position. An effective approach to recruitment can help a company successfully compete for limited human resources. To maximize competitive advantage, a company must choose the recruiting method that produces the best pool of candidates quickly and cost effectively. There are five steps to the process. STEP 1: IDENTIFY THE JOB OPENING This step would appear to be an easy one-just wait until an employee turns in a notice of resignation. Many job openings are, in fact, identified in this way. A major problem with this approach is that it may take the company a long time to fill the opening. For instance, it usually takes six to eight weeks to notify and screen applicants, and a week or more to make a decision regarding a job offer. After the decision is made, the selected candidate must give notice (usually about two weeks) to his or her previous employer. Thus, the job in question is likely to remain vacant for months, even if the process runs smoothly. Ideally, organizations should attempt to identify job openings well in advance of an announced resignation. The HRM department should plan for future openings in both the short and long term. The projection of future openings provides organizations with the time needed to plan and implement recruitment strategies so that they do not fall prey to the â€Å"must-hire-by-last-week† syndrome. The HR plan should answer at least the following questions: †¢ Are any newly budgeted positions opening soon? †¢ Is a contract under negotiation that may result in the need for additional hires? †¢ What is the amount of expected turnover in the next several months? STEP 2: DECIDE HOW TO FILL THE JOB OPENING The first question to ask after determining that an opening exists is â€Å"Do we need to find a new person to fill the vacant position? † Sometimes it is unnecessary to staff a vacant position because the firm can rely on other alternatives. For instance, it may be more prudent to provide overtime opportunities to current workers to complete the needed work. Other alternatives include job elimination and job redesign (i. e. , incorporating the tasks of the vacant position into currently existing positions). If the firm chooses to fill the vacancy, it must address two issues: (1) whether to outsource, and (2) in the absence of outsourcing, whether to recruit candidates internally or externally. STEP 3: IDENTIFY THE TARGET POPULATION Now the organization must determine what types of individuals it is looking for to fill the vacant positions. To address this question, an organization must define its target population. Two issues arise here: (1) specifying worker requirements and (2) deciding whether to target a certain segment of the applicant population. An organization must identify specific requirements of the job: the duties, reporting relationships, salary range for hiring, and competencies required of a new worker (e. g. , education, experience, knowledge, skills, and abilities). Ideally, much of this information will have been gathered during a job analysis and thus be contained in the job description. If not, the recruiter should gather it from the hiring manager. An organization must also decide at this point whether to target all qualified applicants or to focus its recruitment efforts on certain segments of the qualified applicant population. When recruiting internally, the issue is this: Should the company post the job so that all qualified employees can be considered? Or should the company select certain high-potential employees and groom them for the position? When recruiting externally, the company must decide whether to inform all potential applicants or target certain types. Companies may reap advantages when they target members of certain groups. Another strategy is to target graduates of specific schools that have exceptionally strong programs in the functional areas of concern. Additionally, some companies target top-performing employees working for other companies. Recruitment of such individuals poses some unique problems, however; these individuals may be difficult to reach because they are not actively seeking a new job. Moreover, the practice of pirating employees from other firms raises some serious ethical questions. STEP 4: NOTIFY THE TARGET POPULATION Once an applicant population has been targeted, the company must determine how to notify these individuals of the vacant position. A variety of recruitment methods may be used for communicating vacancies. A firm can benefit from both low-involvement and high-involvement strategies at this stage of the recruitment process. Low-involvement strategies are things such as corporate sponsorship or advertisements of the company’s product or service may influence applicants’ positive perceptions of that firm and therefore increase applicant attraction, but do not specifically identify a job opening. High-involvement recruitment strategies involve things such as detailed recruitment advertisements or employee endorsements, which occur hen potential applicants meet with current employees to hear more about their experiences with that company. Both low-involvement and high-involvement strategies have a positive effect on the number of applicants who apply for jobs with an organization and on the quality of the applicants who apply. When choosing a specific way to notify the target population, different recruitment methods may be used. Some popular options are internal job postings; newspaper, radio, and television advertisements; trade magazine advertisements; Internet job sites; college campus interviews; and current employee referrals. The choice of which to use depends on the number of positions to be filled, the cost of each recruitment method, the characteristics of the target audience, and economic conditions. The more positions to be filled, the more widely the firm may choose to advertise, perhaps using a newspaper or radio advertisement. Costs differ for recruitment methods and a firm may be willing to invest more in recruitment when suitable applicants are difficult to find or when poor hiring decisions may be costly. The characteristics of the target audience influence recruitment method; for example, using an Internet posting would be fruitless if most of the applicant pool is unlikely to have access to a computer. Poor economic conditions, where unemployment is high, will result in higher numbers of job applicants and possibly a lower average level of quality of applicants. In this situation, to avoid spending an inordinate amount of time weeding through applications, firms must discourage all but the best applicants from applying. STEP 5: MEET WITH THE CANDIDATES Finally, the most qualified candidates are brought in for interviews and other assessment procedures. These serve both selection and recruitment purposes. From a selection perspective, they give the firm a chance to further assess the candidates’ qualifications. From a recruitment perspective, they provide the candidates with an opportunity to learn more about the employment opportunity. Candidates should be provided with information about the company and the job. Failure to provide a sufficient amount of information could be detrimental to the recruiting process. For example, it may be interpreted by the candidates as an attempt to evade discussion of unattractive job attributes, or it may be viewed as an indication of the recruiter’s disinterest in them. Without specific information, applicants might accept a job offer without knowing about aspects of it that might affect their long-term job satisfaction, or they may refuse an offer without knowing about some of the job’s attractive attributes. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ CASE STUDY : 3 Navin AGM materials, is fuming and fretting. He bumped into Kiran, GM Materials, threw the resignation letter on his table, shouted and walked out of the room swiftly. Navin has reason for his sudden outburst. He has been driven to the wall. Perhaps details of the story will tell the reasons for Navin’s bile and why he put in his papers, barely four months after he took up his assignment. The year was 2005 when Navin quit the prestigious Sail plant at Mumbai. As a manager material Navin enjoyed the power. He could even place an order for materials worth Rs 25 lakh. He needed nobody’s prior approval. Navin joined a pulp making plant located at Pune as AGM Materials. The plant is owned by a prestigious business house in India. Obviously perks, designation and reputation of the conglomerate lured Navin away from the public sector. When he joined the pulp making company, little did Navin realize that he needed prior approval to place an order for materials worth Rs 12 lakhs. He had presumed that he had the authority to place an order by himself worth half the amount of what he used to do at the mega steel maker. He placed the order material arrived, were recived, accepted and used up in the plant. Trouble started when the bill for Rs 12 lakh came from vendor. The accounts department withheld payment for the reason that the bill was not endorsed by Kiran. Kiran rused to sign the bill as his approval was not taken by Navin before placing the order. Navin felt fumigated and cheated. A brief encounter with Kiran only aggrarated the problem. Navin was curtly told that he should have known company rules before venturing. Navin decided to quit the company. Q1) Does the company have an orientation programme? It does’nt look like the company has an orientation programme or it is inaffective. —————————————- Q2) If yes how effective is it? It is not as effective, as it should be. —————————————– Q3) How is formal Orientation programme conducted? The orientation process has three stages: 1 A general orientation 2 A departmental orientation, and 3 A specific job orientation They are conducted by different parties. The General Orientation is usually manage d by either the Training Department or the Human Resources Department, with the Departmental Orientation by the Department Head or first Assistant, while the specific Job Orientation can be carried out by an experienced and trained employee (trained on how to train). These guidelines are intended for people conducting the General Orientation: A general rule of thumb for having the audience interested in the general orientation is to 1 Make them feel at ease (open circle). 2 Make sure that they had enough time to read the employee manual ahead of orientation time. 3 Spend a good portion of the introduction time towards self-introductions, spiced with open questions. 4 Get them to know who Management is: have a big chart in the orientation/training room which depicts how the organisation is set up, with photos of the management team ext to their title. 5 Get them acquainted with the operation: have another large chart in the room depicting the flow of work and communications regarding the organization; this flow should include customers, suppliers and all parties affecting the organisation (I had just planned such a chart for the hotel where I dealt with Training and Development, wrote it out in text, had an artist depict it with cartoon characters on a big white chart, making it educational but humorous – after all this was a hotel. Maybe in a technical company humour is not allowed. I explained it to the artist and we showed how each job position affected the final product since the customer’s / guest’s first contact with the operation and ending with the last contact. 6 Have them know and see departments in operation: based on this drawing I conducted the orientation and explained all functions of the hotel, promising a personal tour of all the departments we discussed, including back areas, where the Department Heads received us personally and gave further insight on their departments. Allay their fears and doubts: cover subjects which are usually never mentioned in orientations, such as the difficulties new employees or supervisors experience, about turnover figures, about how people assimilate better after hanging out three months, about how they can turn to you for any difficulties they experience, be it regarding their rejection by existing old-timers or other matters. Let them know they can always turn to you for confidential advice (do not forget that any new person has fears and doubts regarding being accepted, succeeding or failing). Encourage friendships among new employees: try to create a team spirit among the existing group of newcomers – by the end of the day or the two days you will have created a group of employees at different levels and from different departments who will cooperate and enhance communications across the organisation. 9 Extend respect to them as human beings: have lunch with them as a group (I saw too many people who conduct orientations go to a different lunch room and this is very insulting). 0 Enable first hand contact with upper management: have different Executives come to welcome the group and assure them of management’s commitment to help them succeed. Introduce each of the newcomers, dwell on their position, career background and personal interests. 11 Assure them that the organisation welcomes their observations, comments, and critiques. 12 Last but not least, share com pany goals with them. Discuss it with them. Ask what their own personal and career goals are and try to (right there and then) mesh their own goals with the company goals. This strategy (action plan) has proven to be highly successful. It cuts down on turnover drastically, engenders trust, cooperation and motivation. Although these sessions should be welcoming, orientations for new employees should also be more than a feel-good gesture. They should also be more than an instructional session that provides essential human resources, benefits, and payroll information for new employees. The most effective orientations help new employees understand what will be expected of them and prepare them for the organization’s work culture. Orient the expectations of new employees Managing expectations has long been a mantra of salespeople, account executives, and others whose responsibilities are focused primarily outside the organization. Expectation management falls on human resources managers as well. Managing expectations can start as early as during new-employee orientations. In new-employee orientations, the HR manager is essentially bringing new employees’ expectations in line with the organization’s expectations. Accurately aligning these sets of expectations in the first weeks of employment helps employees become productive more quickly and ensures that they enjoy greater job satisfaction throughout their tenures. Some studies suggest that well-executed new-employee orientations can also: 1 Lengthen the time that employees stay with a company. 2 Enhance staff cooperation and communication. 3 Improve client-customer relations because staff members have better work attitudes. Communicate the organization’s big picture Where is your organization going? Even if your company has not made a formal strategic planning document, it has communicated some important long-term goals. Too often, however, these goals aren’t shared with new employees whose efforts help determine whether the organization’s goals are met. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that employees, even entire departments, sometimes operate under disparate assumptions about the company’s priorities and objectives. All new employees, from entry-level staff members to senior executives, should view themselves as members of an organization-wide team working toward a defined and united goal. Certainly new employees need to understand their specific roles, but first they need to understand the big-picture objectives of the organization, including objectives such as: 1 Is the organization striving to be an industry innovator? 2 Is the organization working to develop an international presence? Whatever the objectives, new employees should be given a brief introduction to your organization’s goals. If you can, provide a copy of your annual report or a company brochure that explains your organization’s goals. With a bigger-picture perspective, employees are better equipped to understand their specific role as it relates to long-term objectives. Describe the unspoken company culture Company culture can’t be fully captured in job descriptions or employee manuals, because culture is both explicit and unspoken. Most employees determine what behaviors are acceptable as the organization evolves. However, an effective orientation can help new employees transition more easily into the unique culture of your organization. Even in highly conventional corporate cultures, it’s preferable to share the unspoken aspects of company culture to ensure that all new employees understand their work environments. Don’t make the mistake of assuming that cultural nuances are obvious or that new employees will raise questions if they’re unsure about what to wear or when to arrive at work. Some unspoken aspects of company culture to share are: 1 Dress code What’s the norm for the dress code? 2 Internal communication Is vertical communication encouraged or frowned upon? 3 Phone etiquette Do employees routinely forward their phone calls to voice mail? Parking Are there any unspoken rules about where employees can park? 5 Lunch Do most employees eat in or out? Are there good places to eat nearby? 6 Work hours Are work hours fixed or flexible? 7 Extracurricular activities Are there groups of employees that get together outside work? 8 Attitudes Are work teams more cooperative or more competitiv e? Share the routine details As a seasoned HR professional, you probably already use a comprehensive checklist to ensure that new employees receive and complete all required documentation, from W-4 forms to insurance forms to e-mail account requests. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of this paperwork can eclipse the routine information that new employees need on their very first day. To help new employees get started, be sure that they know: 1 The layout of your office or campus A tour is preferable, but at the very least provide a user-friendly map. 2 The location of the restrooms Inform them of the locations of restrooms near their work areas. 3 Names and contact information of two coworkers Give them the contact information of two coworkers in their department, besides their immediate supervisor or hiring manager. Outline the employee’s specific role The best way for new employees to become productive quickly is by immersing themselves in their new positions. Immerse new employees in their jobs For positions with formal training, immersion is easy. New employees simply pass from orientation to training, often in the same day. For positions without formal training, role immersion can be more difficult. Too often, supervisors and managers aren’t available when new employees start, so employees are left with little more to do than read the company handbook during their first few days on the job. This can be confusing, especially for new employees who are expecting a challenging, fast-paced environment. Introduce new employees to their jobs The best employee orientations conclude with introductions to each employee’s specific job role. If several employees in a single role have been hired at one time, this introduction can occur in a group setting. Otherwise, new employees should receive one-on-one introductions from their managers or team leaders as part of their orientation. Orient employees for success Starting a new job always involves a learning curve, but effective orientations can help new employees make the transition by equipping them with: 1 An understanding of company goals. 2 An appreciation for the company’s unique culture. 3 Routine information to get started. 4 An introduction to their role within the organization. Employees who are well oriented to the company and to their jobs are ready to begin making a significant contribution. ########################################## Q4) If you were Navin what would have you done? 1. DISCUSS THE PROS/CONS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM AND THE NEED FOR REVISION FOR THE SAKE OF OPERATION EFFICIENY. #################### CASE STUDY : 4 Bitter it may taste, shrill it may sound, and sleepless nights it may cause, but it is true. In a major shake up Airbus. The European aircraft manufacturers has thrown a big shock to its employees. Before coming to the details of the shock, a peep into the company’s resume. Name Airbus Created 1970 President CEO : Vijay M. Employees 57000 Turnover 26 Bn (Euro) Total Aircraft sold (Feb 2007) 7187 Delivered 4598 Headquarters Paris (France) Facilities 16 Rival Boeing Airbus announced on February 27, 2007 that it would shed 10,000 jobs across four European contries and sell six of its unit. N the same day the helpless workers did what was expected of them – downed tools and staged protests. The protesting workers at Airbus’s factory at Meaulte, northern France, were seen picketing outside the factory gate after holding up production a day earlier. To be fair to Airbus, its management entered talks with unions before the job loss and sale was formally announced. But the talks did not mollify the agitated workers. How to cite Training and Professional Development, Essay examples

Aids (1426 words) Essay Example For Students

Aids (1426 words) Essay AidsAids by sean rossHow is HIV Diagnosed?You can get tested for HIV in a number of locations including public clinics, AIDS organizations, physicians offices, and hospitals. Many locations give the test for free. You can choose between anonymous tests, in which you do not give your name to the HealthCare provider, or confidential tests, in which you do give your name. Test sites should provide trained counselors who can offer you support and guidance, no matter what the test result.(Balch-97)An HIV test looks for the antibodies your immune system creates in response to the virus. These antibodies may not appear in your blood until three to six months after HIV infection. Therefore, a negative test for HIV does not necessarily mean you arent infected. Thats why if you are at risk for HIV infection you should get tested periodically in addition to practicing safer sex at all times. T-cell countsIf you test HIV-positive, you should have frequent blood tests to determine the levels of healthy T cells. These cell counts help indicate how quickly the infection is progressing and which course of treatment is best. Normal T-cell count is 800 to 1,300 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In the firstfew months after HIV infection, T-cells may decrease to 400 to 650. As infection progresses, T cells drop to a second level of 200 to 499. At this stage you can expect to have late symptoms, although this too is variable. The most life-threatening AIDS illnesses happen when T-cell levels fall below 200.(Berkow-97)Early SymptomsOnce HIV enters your body through semen, vaginal secretions, blood, or human breast milk it generally takes a month or two before creating symptoms, if any (not everyone has symptoms at this stage). These initial symptoms are similar to the flu and can last three to 14 days: -Fever-Chills-Night sweats -Skin rashes-Headache-Malaise-Swollen lymph nod es (immune system organseasily felt in the neck and groin)-General discomfort(Hurst-96)Within the several months following HIV infection, you may have repeated episodes of these flu-like symptoms. After that, an average period of five to seven years will pass without another sign of HIV infection though that delay can range from a few months to more than 10 years. However, even when you dont have symptoms, the virus is still multiplying in your body, and you can spread it to other people.(Tierny-98)Later symptoms (months to years before onset of AIDS)Symptoms may include: -Fatigue-Mild weight loss-Frequent fevers and sweats-Swollen lymph glands-Persistent yeast infections-Persistent skin rashes-Pelvic inflammatory disease that does not-respond to treatment-Short term memory loss-Frequent and severe herpes infectionscausing mouth, genital or anal sores-Painful nerve disease (shingles)At this stage, you may have other disorders resulting from HIV infection: severe dermatitis, persona lity changes, intellectual impairment, peripheral neuritis (inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves), pneumonia, myocarditis (inflammation of the middle muscular layer of the heart wall), nephritis (kidney inflammation), and arthritis. (Taylor-98)AIDSAs chronic HIV progresses, the immune system grows weaker and weaker until it can no longer prevent diseases and/or opportunistic infections those that would not usually happen in a person with a normal immune system). These include: Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii HIV infection of the brain (encephalitis with dementia) Toxoplasmosis of the brain (a protozoan infection) Cryptococcosis infection (a fungal infection) HIV wasting syndrome (chronically active HIV infection) Candida (yeast infections of the vagina, mouth, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, or lungs) Kaposis sarcoma (a form of skin cancer) Tuberculosis and related infections Cryptosporidiosis infection of the intestine (a protozoan infection) Herpes simplex v irus infections of mouth, esophagus, and lungs Lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system) Cytomegalovirus infections of the retina and other organs(HIV positive.com)Conditions That May Be Mistaken for HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS may involve virtually every organ in the body. Therefore, many conditions can be mistaken for HIV/AIDS, including: Cancer, especially lymphoma (causing malnutrition or weight loss) Senile dementia Gastrointestinal infection (especially parasitic) Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease Depression. .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 , .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .postImageUrl , .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 , .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:hover , .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:visited , .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:active { border:0!important; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:active , .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00 .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45dce77fe1d24af996fd67032f81fc00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mayan EssayCauses The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. HIV not only attacks and destroys the white blood cells that are key to fighting infection (T4 or helper T cells), it actually uses the T cells genetic material to multiply itself. Eventually, HIV cripples the immune system, making the infected person vulnerable to multiple infections, diseases, and nervous system problems. One of the reasons AIDS is such a fatal disease is that HIV is an extremely resistant virus, mutating constantly to survive the immune systems attacks.(San Fransisco Aids found.)Theoretical CausesThere are very rare cases of transmission among family members living together with no id entifiable source of transmission. No one knows the cause of transmission in these few rare cases.(Gay mens health crisis center)How is HIV Transmitted?Unprotected sex,Sharing of hypodermic needles for injection,drug useFrom an HIV-infected mother to her baby,especially as the baby passes through the birth canal (the baby has a 25-30% chance of being HIV positive if not treated duringpregnancy),Human breast milkAccidental needle sticks, which are a risk among HealthCare workers (about a one in 300 chance),Blood transfusion and coagulation products (although this is very rare, with the modern blood-screening systems in use since 1985)(Bennet-96)Treatment No one knows how to cure HIV or AIDS. However, there are many therapies, both conventional and alternative, that effectively prolong and enhance the quality of the lives of people with HIV and AIDS. The goals of treatment are to: Slow the replication rate of HIV Prevent and treat opportunistic infections Relieve symptoms and generall y improve quality of life.(Noble-96)Treatment overviewIf you have HIV/AIDS, the standard of care in the United States is to provide you conventional drug therapies, especially if your T-cell count has fallen below 500. You will take most HIV/AIDS drugs in combination, to most effectively reduce viral blood levels, increase helper T-cell counts, and decrease the AIDS death rate. Because combinations of HIV/AIDS drugs are as important as the individual drugs themselves, it is extremely important that you stick to your medication regimen: Take drugs at exactly the prescribed times of dayNever skip dosesNever skip drugsFor surveillance and routine management, you wont need to stay in the hospital. Some more severe complications will require a hospital stay. Drug TherapyAnti-HIV drug therapy attacks HIV at various stages of its life cycle. Although the drugs have improved the side effects, including nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea and abnormal body fat redistribution.(Hardman-96)Bibliog raphyAmerican Foundation for AIDS Research120 Wall Street, Thirteenth FloorNew York, NY 10005Phone: 212-806-1600 Fax: 212-806-1601The Body An AIDS and HIV Information ResourceCenters for Disease ControlNational Prevention Information NetworkP.O. Box 6003Rockville, MD 20849Phone: 800-458-5231International: 301-562-1098TTY: 800-243-7012Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation2950 31st Street, Suite 125Santa Monica, CA 90405Phone: 310-314-1459 Fax: 31-314-1469Email: Gay Mens Health Crisis119 West 24th Street, 6th Floor New York, NY 10011 Phone: 212-807-6655 TTY: 212-645-7470Fax: 212-337-3656HIV Anonymous Testing CounselingHoward Brown Health Center 4025 N. Sheridan Road Chicago, IL 60613Phone: 773-388-1600HIV Insite Gateway to AIDS KnowledgeUniversity of California, San FranciscoHIV Positive.comCenters for Disease Control National HIV/AIDSHotline800-342-AIDS (2437)San Francisco AIDS FoundationP.O. Box 426182 San Francisco, CA 94142-6182AIDS Hotline: 800-367-AIDS (2437) (toll-free in Calif.)Phone: (415) 487-3000Email: BooksBalch, James F. and Balch, Phyllis A. Prescriptionfor Nutritional Healing Garden City Park, NY: AveryPublishing, 1997. Bennett, J. Claude and Plum, Fred. Cecil Textbookof Medicine, eds. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders,1996. Berkow, Robert. Merck Manual of MedicalInformation, Home Edition. New Jersey: MerckResearch Laboratories, 1997. .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 , .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .postImageUrl , .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 , .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:hover , .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:visited , .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:active { border:0!important; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:active , .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118 .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a266a2a30227e2c278117dbf933a118:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kill A Mocking Bird And Prejudice EssayFauci, Anthony J. et. al. Harrisons Principles ofInternal Medicine, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill,1998. Hardman, Joel G. and Limbird, Lee E. Goodman andGilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeuticseds. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996. Hurst, J. Willis. Medicine for the Practicing PhysicianStamford, CT: Appleton Lange 1996. Murray, Michael T. Encyclopedia of NaturalMedicine. Prima, 1998. Noble, John. Primary Care Medicine ed. St. Louis:Mosby, 1996. Physicians Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: MedicalEconomics Co., 1998. Rakel, Robert E. Conns Current Therapy eds. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1998. Taylor, Robert B. Family Medicine: Principles andPractice. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998. Tierney, LM, McPhee, SJ, and Papadakis, MA. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment eds. Stamford, CT: Appleton Lange, 1998.