Prison Was A Serious Punishment For Crime - 1598 Words

Prisons were virtually non-existent before the 1700’s because prison was not considered a serious punishment for crime. Instead, the government imprisoned those who were awaiting trial where they would receive a more appropriate punishment. Many punishments at the time included branding, extreme fines, whipping, and the death penalty or capital punishment. Most offenders when caught, received their punishment in public. This was done to try and discourage criminal activity and falls under the theory of deterrence. It is difficult to pin an exact date on when the general beginning of imprisonment as punishment for crime was started. However, it is known that at the beginning of the eighteenth century imprisonment was unusual except when applied to religious or political offenders. The eighteenth century was the time of transition from corporal punishment to imprisonment and although the most rapid time of change was after 1775, the general movement was in progress throughout the entire period. Early prisons were not what they are today. They were dark, dirty, overcrowded, and unhygienic. There was no separation for prisoners when they were locked up so this meant that men, women and children, plus dangerous criminals, debtors and the clinically insane could all be together. British reformer John Howard toured Europe to observe prison conditions. His book, the State of the Prisons in England and Wales, influenced the passage of a law that led to the construction of the firstShow MoreRelatedCrime Is A Crime And Crime999 Words   |  4 Pagescommits a crime, the immediate response from the public is that they deserve a punishment for their crime. Some of the crimes that offenders act upon range on the spectrum: from a minor crime to a major crime. When an offender commit a minor crime it is known as a misdemeanor and the punishment consists of a year or less in county jail. However, for a serious major crime, offenders are charged with a felony which includes a punishment o f a year or more in prison. Additionally, the lowest crime is anRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Cruel And Unusual1092 Words   |  5 Pagespeople believe that capital punishment is cruel and unusual. It is the only punishment that can truly compensate the loss of a loved one. In recent years, the rate of serious crimes has increased. The increase of crime is the result of less effective punishment. Dating back to early civilizations, capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, was viewed as an effective punishment. Yet today’s society it is viewed as cruel and inhumane. I believe that capital punishment should be executed moreRead More Capital Punishment: The Best Solution Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesharm to any individual. Capital punishment is not always the most appropriate solution, but given the circumstances, it may be the most effective way to deal with criminals who threaten society. First of all, capital punishment would reduce taxes and makes prisons a much more effective place to hold criminals. This causes life imprisonment to become practically obsolete and prisons will be capable of functioning as a rehabilitation center. (the purpose of prison is to separate the criminals fromRead MoreShould The United States Allowed The Death Penalty?962 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States being overcrowded with convicts with serious crimes, and doing life without parole. I start to wonder what the impact would be if the United States allowed the death penalty to be used in all fifty states? First, I needed to view into other countries and examine why they still allow to have capital punishment in their country. Out of 196 countries in the world only 58 of those countries still embrace capital punishment. China is at the top of the list that carries out the highestRead MoreDeath Of The 19th Century947 Words   |  4 PagesPentridge Prison, built in the 1850 in the north of Melbourne, housed Victoria’s most infamous criminals, which included; Russell Street Bomber Craig Minogue, 1920’s gangster Squizzy Taylor, Hoddle Street gunman Julian Knight and Mark ‘Chopper’ Reid. Pentridge Prisons history emphasizes the changes in crime, offending and punishment over its period of operation. By the end of the 20th century, Australia was less violent in comparison to the end of the 18th and 19th centuries. Crimes that haveRead MoreThe Sentencing Phase Of A Criminal Case902 Words   |  4 Pagespleads guilty, a judge will then decide a suitable punishment (or sentence) during the sentencing phase of a criminal case. There are varying outcomes that can influence sentencing offenders, they can range from probation and community service to prison and even the death penalty. Minor infractions, misdemeanors, or offenders who plead guilty usually get sentenced almost immediately after ones convictions. In complex criminal cases such as serious felonies, the sentencing judge will usually receiveRead MoreImagine Having A Criminal, Who Has Escaped From Multiple1663 Words   |  7 Pageshaving a criminal, who has escaped from multiple prisons; the system cannot contain him. He has been charged with multiple crimes, including murder. He is very powerful and has lots of money. Wh at should happen to this extremely dangerous criminal when he is caught again? This is where capital punishment would come into play. Some people say the capital punishment should not be banned in any U. S. state and many people say capital punishment should be federally banned. However, both sides wouldRead MoreThe Purposes of Sentencing Essay examples988 Words   |  4 Pagesoldest justifications for punishment involves the principles of retribution. Retribution (1900-1905) refers to an idea that offenders should be punished for committing a crime, but would not punish someone who was forced to commit a cri-me, i.e. duress. It can be sometimes be viewed as a ‘revenge’ or ‘an eye for an eye‘. It is based on the principle of â€Å"let the punishment fit the crime†. This aim does not reducing crime or changing the offenders future behaviour. Punishment is provided through imprisonmentRead Morepunishment for petty crimes1650 Words   |  7 Page s Type of essay: Text based Text used: â€Å"Her Majesty’s Prison† by Christian Pratt Stripped, probed, re-dressed and endowed with the status of convict.† Is this what you would want to endure for a simple traffic violation of no seat belt, running a red light or dark tinted windows? Or would you prefer a traffic school session or two, picking up garbage on a Saturday morning or paying a fine? I would gladly prefer the latter. The prison has a â€Å"revolving door† as if welcoming persons to come againRead MoreDeath Penalty Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal executions first started in California when it was under the Practices Act in 1851. Then in February 14th 1872 it was put in the Penal Code. Capital punish in counties continued until an amendment by the legislature in 1891 said that it could only happen in the State Prisons picked by the court. The first state execution in California happens on March 3rd 1893 at San Quentin and the first one in Folsom was on December 13th 1895. In the 1937’s the legislature d ecided that instead of hanging

The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of...

Feminism. The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Why are some people so angry or offended when they hear this word? Why does the idea of women being equal to men annoy and infuriate them? Do they not believe that women should have the same rights as men? Should women have to cover up to avoid being cat called by disgusting men? Should women have to cover up to avoid being molested or raped? Should women have to stay quiet when they are raped or abused because no one would ever believe them? Should woman be told what to wear, say, or do with their body? I ask myself these questions every day. The question that I ask myself the most is, â€Å"Why are women of color, gay, and transgender women constantly being disrespected?† Woman as a whole get disrespected on a daily basis. We get cat called, get told what to do with our bodies, victim blamed, our bodies are over sexualized, and were viewed as weak and just a piece of meat. Being a woman is already scary enough but being a gay, transgender, or woman of color is the most terrifying experience. Its seems as if the more melanin your skin contains, the more disrespect you receive. Why is that? Although being a woman is hard, being a white woman gives you so much more privilege than what a woman of color gets. First of all, white woman are seen as beautiful and attractive because of their skin. They aren’t constantly told that their skin is too dark or ugly because ofShow MoreRelatedFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrocious more than rebelliousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men a nd promotes hostility. While many argue over what feminism really means, the reputation feminism receives from peopleRead MoreFeminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an advocate for women’s rights. She was involved in Progressive Era reform culture. Gilman, author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, illustrates in the short story that women can overcome the weight patriarchy puts on them mentally. The narrator’s husband, John, displayed paternal behavior towards her which was belittling. Gilman uses metaphors, specifically personificationRead MoreFeminism And Equality Between Men And Women956 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Equality Between Men and Women Feminism, the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (Webster’s Thesaurus Dictionary). Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sexRead MoreThe Moral Of The Story By Nina Rosenstand865 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Story† by Nina Rosenstand; feminism is defined as the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. The feminist movement has been aiming to achieve equality for women for decades. Equity of the genders (regarding rights) and the promoting of ladies rights are apparent constructive goals; yet individuals have a tendency to depict women s liberation utilizing negative terms, and women s liberation today has procured an awful notoriety. RadicalRead MoreThe Discovery Of A Radical Movement995 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Feminism, or the women’s movement, is the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Before feminism, my life was full of body negativity and ignorance of the patriarchal society, but after a major breakthrough I became an equal rights advocate and an open minded person which progressed my human capital. Before encountering the feminist movement, my self-esteem and the awareness of women s oppression was almost non existent. Throughout myRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagescentury. Over all, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminismRead MoreWomen s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1052 Words   |  5 Pagescom) noun the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Now what does this mean? This means that women deserve to be treated the same as men because we are on grounds that â€Å"women are inferior to men† in other words â€Å"men have it better off than women†. This is not only wrong but it is a movement for something doesn’t exist and fights sexism with sexism. Now most feminist would tell me I’m absolutely right for saying that â€Å"women have is worst offRead MoreFeminism Is For Everyone By Bell Hook958 Words   |  4 Pagesthe advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.Where she simply define and shows that being feminism does not mean women have to become mean or they are better than men,she simply saying that men and women need to be equal like the civil right movements. The book begins with a brief statement of feminist political positions, then discusses some history of the movement.She discusses the change in the movement from personal to groups wher e women haveRead MoreAfrican Women During The 1800s1369 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Rags to Riches: Womens Roles in the 1800s No one can make you feel inferior without your own consent Women most likely had this inspiring quote in mind during the 1800s. In this 19th century, you can see the changing roles and perspectives of women as they struggle to form their own identity. Women were supposed to be seen and not heard. They cared for the home, their husband, and their children. Anything outside of those 3 areas stumbled upon by women were frowned against. Such as politics

Operations Management Outlook and Analysis

Question: 1. Give a very brief introduction of their competitive landscape. Summarize the operations strategy of the organization. 2. Identify in detail 2 major challenges/Problems in their operations and how to improve it. Answer: One of the major problems with Sainsburys supermarket is the problem of inventory management. The Sainsbury is the second largest retailer in the United Kingdom and it has to manage the inventory of large number of products. Some of the products have good shelf life. However, there are products with low shelf life. The company has found it difficult to manage the shelf life of such products. For example, the shelf life of eatable products is really low and the inventory of food items have to be replenished soon. Sainsbury has found it difficult to deal with a large number of suppliers and manage the inventory of these items with limited shelf life. The company has witnessed number of losses as product wastage or spoiled product. The recommended solution for the company is the use of JIT (Just in Time) System. With the focus on JIT methodology, Sainsbury would be able to minimize the stock out of products. With the JIT system, the company would procure the products just in time (Walke r, 2015, pp 1183). It would be difficult to achieve this system. However, a strong focus on Information Technology would enable the company to use JIT system efficiently. With the JIT system, Sainsbury would be able to minimize its inventory holding cost. This system would be beneficial for the company in short term and in long term. It is recommended that the company should invest to provide training to the users of the company to deal within the new system. Another operations management problem for Sainsbury is the issue of dealing with multiple suppliers. The company has found it difficult to maintain the standardization for its products that it procures from multiple suppliers. The management of the company has laid down several quality guidelines that the suppliers should fulfill. However, there are cases when the raw materials or the goods provided by the supplier have difference in the quality. In these cases, Sainsbury is not able to maintain the quality of its deliverables. This happen because the company has a large number of suppliers for the same type of raw materials. This problem can be resolved with a tight mechanism of vendor selection. It is recommended that the company should have limited number of vendors for the product. Moreover all the vendors should be listed as suppliers only after a full scrutiny. It is recommended that the company should have a tight system of quality check (Gunasekaran Ngai, 2012, pp 700). As a part of this quality check, all the suppliers would undergo a quality test. It is recommended that Sainsbury should use benchmarking to develop quality checks for the company. The company should study the supply chain of other players in the industry and the supply chain of other industry leaders. It would provide important inputs to Sainsbury to overcome its quality management and operations management problems. References Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E.W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and analysis.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), pp.687-701. Walker, H., Chicksand, D., Radnor, Z., Watson, G. (2015). Theoretical perspectives in operations management: an analysis of the literature.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(8), 1182-1206.

Your Inner FIsh free essay sample

All organisms with vision do not have similar eyes. There are many groups that have similar eyes, but not every single organism have similar eyes. Since most of the picture processing happens in the brain, the function of the eye is just to capture light to carry to the brain for processing of an image. Â  Human’s camera-like eyes are similar and common to every creature with a skull. However many different types of eyes exist in other animal groups. Other eyes range from small, simple patches of cells that are specialized in capturing light to even more complicated versions of a human eyes with many layers, like eyes of flies. (150) There are basically two different types of animal eyes however; one seen in invertebrates and one in vertebrates. The main idea being that there are two different ways of increasing the surface area in eye tissue that gathers light. Invertebrates do this by having numerous folds in the eye tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on Your Inner FIsh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However vertebrates expand the surface area of the eye tissue by having lots of tiny projections extending from the tissue. (156) However, all organisms do indeed share similar vision genes. Eyes may look the same, but the genetics that make them are the same. (157) Dispute: There are few genes dedicated to olfactory sense and they are similar in all organisms capable of detecting smell. A major breakthrough in understanding our sense of smell occurred in 1991 when Richard Axel and Linda Buck discovered the large family of genes that give us our sense of smell. (143) They discovered that there are a huge number of genes dedicated to olfactory sense. They also discovered that only three percent of our entire genome is dedicated to genes for detecting and processing different odors. For this discovery, Axel and Buck received and shared the Nobel Prize in 2004. (144) Dispute: Humans and sharks both have four gills arches as embryos, but the germ layers and arches develop into unrelated structures in each organism. Humans and sharks do both have four gill arches as embryos. However, the germ layers and arches do not develop into unrelated structures in each organism. In fact, they are extremely important and are a ‘roadmap’, so to speak, for major parts of the skull. (89) The first arch forms the jaws. The human’s first arch also forms some ear bones that sharks do not form. The second arch or gill turns into a bar of cartilage and muscle. This gill allows us to take a gulp of a drink or listen to music. This gill allows sharks to extend and retract their upper jaw to eat something. The third and fourth arches allow us to swallow and talk. They allow sharks (and fish) to move their gills. (91, 92) Dispute: Most organisms fossilize after death, so fossils in exemplary condition are easily found all over the world. Fossil sites are actually rare and there are many specifications to make a place a good fossil site. You have to find rocks that are of the right age, of the right type (which would be sedimentary rock), and well exposed. The best fossil sites have little soil cover, little vegetation, and have been subject to little human disturbances. (12) Though organisms have lived all across the world, that isn’t really a guarantee that fossils can be found just about anywhere. Also, just because you find a fossil doesn’t mean it will exactly be in perfect shape. There are fossils of animals and organisms that have been dead and buried for so long their bodies are very rarely preserved. Over ninety-nine percent of all species to ever live are now extinct, from that a very small fraction are preserved as fossils, and an even smaller fraction of that are even found at all. (3) We are lucky we can find any fossils at all, let alone fossils in good shape. Dispute: In humans, eyes and ears function independently of one another; sensation in one does not affect sensation in the other. The eyes and ears are actually connected. The easiest way to understand the connection between the two is to interfere with it. Humans do this all the time by drinking too much alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol causes the fluid in the inner ear to become less dense. This causes our brains to think that we are moving. This is how it connects with the eyes. Our brains think that we are spinning and passes this information to our eyes. This causes the eyes to twitch to one direction, usually being the right. This basically happens again the day after a night of drinking, often referenced to as a hangover. Your liver gets all the alcohol out of your bloodstream, except for the alcohol in your inner ear. The alcohol then diffuses from the gel back into the blood stream. This causes the brain to think you’re spinning again, and also causes the eye to twitch. (168)

gju faodijvfioa Essay

gju faodijvfioa Essay gju faodijvfioa Essay Sodium Destructanite The story of Sodium Destructanite begins on a typical Saturday afternoon for Morris Shankalicious; nothing unusual has happened to him that day. But his life is about to change, and for humanity that is a change for the worse. He is relaxing on the couch, watching the science channel, when he hears a knock on the door. â€Å"Who is it?† Morris asks. There is no answer. â€Å"Who is it?† he asks again, getting frustrated. Still no answer. Morris angrily opens the door only to find a CIA badge in his face. â€Å"We’re going to need you to come with us, sir.† The agent said. â€Å"Have I done something wrong?† Morris asks him. â€Å"No sir, we just need you to be a part of something very special.† Grudgingly Morris follows them outside into the all black car with heavily tinted windows. Hours later they arrive at an ominous looking facility surrounded with walls topped with barbed wire. Already Morris didn’t want to go inside. After many minutes and security checks, the group enters the building. After journeying through a maze of hallways and corridors the group reaches their destination. Inside the room is a sinister looking machine surrounded by an army of computers and men in lab coats. â€Å"Step in here sir.† One of the agent commands, indicating to the machine in the center of the room. Morris’ suspicion growing; he steps into the machine. There is a hiss of a door shutting, sealing him in. Then a whirring sound and a flash and then Morris finds himself face down on the ground. He looks up to see the awed faces of the scientists staring back at him. Then he notices his hands. They are the last thing he sees before he blacks out. He wakes up hours later; keeping his eyes closed hoping it was all just a bad dream. But he opens his eyes and finds himself in something like a luxurious prison cell complete with a bathroom and a king sized bed with freshly was hed sheets. The only thing that it lacked was a conventional door and a window. Morris walks into the bathroom and looks in the mirror. What he finds looking back at him is a humongous silvery colored beast at least seven feet tall and over three hundred pounds. In a rage Morris punches the wall next to him, knocking the mirror off the wall and putting a six inch hole in it. Through the hole he sees another room identical to his. Curious, he punches the wall again until it is big enough to get through. He walks in the other room and is startled to see another experiment of the CIA looking right back at him. He looks normal until

Complex Sentences in English Grammar

Complex Sentences in English Grammar In traditional grammar, a complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause  (or main clause) and at least one dependent clause. Put another way, a complex sentence is made up of a main clause with one or more dependent clauses joined to it with an appropriate conjunction or pronoun. The complex sentence is conventionally regarded as one of the four basic sentence structures in English. The other structures are the simple sentence, the compound sentence, and the compound-complex sentence. For an alternative definition, see  Holger Diessels remarks in Examples and Observations below.   Examples and Observations [I]n the complex sentence John left when his sister arrived, the clause when his sister arrived is a dependent clause because it is preceded by the word when, which is a subordinating conjunction. Dependent clauses are not complete sentences; they cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. For example, *When his sister arrived cannot stand alone. Dependent clauses must be attached to independent clauses in order to form a complete sentence. In the complex sentence above, John left is the independent clause.- Denise E. Murray and Mary Ann Christison, What English Language Teachers Need to Know. Routledge, 2011Martina laughed when her mother dropped a pie upside down on the floor.Because he was so small, Stuart was often hard to find around the house.- E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945I learned a valuable lesson about cheating after I changed a mark on my report card in the third grade.- Making the GradeIf a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a dif ferent drummer.- Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 1854 He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.- George Eliot, Adam Bede, 1859[W]hen my brother got his pants leg caught on the top of a high fence and hung upside down, weeping and muttering curses because his pants were newly torn and Mother would spank him for sure, no angel was with him.- Gary Soto, A Summer Life. University Press of New England, 1990The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman stood up in a corner and kept quiet all night, although of course they could not sleep.- L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, 1990)Although volume upon volume is written to prove slavery a very good thing, we never hear of the man who wishes to take the good of it by being a slave himself.- Abraham Lincoln, Fragment on Slavery, July 1854 Relative Clauses and Adverbial Clauses A complex sentence has a main clause, and one or more subordinate clauses, which come in various kinds. One kind is a relative clause, as in the [bold] parts of Jack knew the kid who shot Kennedy. They can be piled up as in Jacks the guy who shot the kid who killed Kennedy...One more common kind of subordinate clause is an adverbial clause, often stating when, how, why, or if something happened, as in the [bold] parts of these sentences: If John comes, Im leaving, or He left because he felt ill. None of the examples just given were particularly exotic, and they could all easily have occurred in conversational speech. All were, in a technical sense, complex sentences, because they contained subordinate clauses.- James R. Hurford, The Origins of Grammar: Language in the Light of Evolution II. Oxford University Press, 2012 Positioning Clauses in Complex Sentences [D]ependent clauses cannot be sentences on their own. They depend on an independent clause to support them. The independent clause in a complex sentence carries the main meaning, but either clause may come first.- A. Robert Young and Ann O. Strauch, Nitty Gritty Grammar: Sentence Essentials for Writers. Cambridge University Press, 2006 The Need for Complex Sentences Most of the sentences we use in writing or in continuous speech are complex...There is a recurrent need to expound facts or concepts in greater elaboration than the structure of the simple sentence permits.- Walter Nash, English Usage: A Guide to First Principles. Routledge, 1986 Four Features of Complex Sentences Complex sentences are traditionally divided into two basic types: (i) sentences including coordinate clauses, and (ii) sentences including subordinate clauses. The former consist of two (or more) clauses that are functionally equivalent and symmetrical, whereas the latter consist of two (or more) clauses that constitute an asymmetrical relationship: a subordinate clause and a matrix clause do not have equal status and equal function (cf. Foley and Van Valin 1984: 239)...I suggest that prototypical subordinate clauses carry the following features: they are (i) syntactically embedded, (ii) formally marked as a dependent clause, (iii) semantically integrated in a superordinate clause, and (iv) part of the same processing and planning unit as the associated matrix clause.- Holger Diessel, The Acquisition of Complex Sentences. Cambridge University Press, 2004 Complex Sentences and Metaphors Complex sentences can offer dramatic development, extending a metaphor, as Melvilles Captain Ahab reminds us: The path to my fixed purpose is laid on iron rails, on which my soul is grooved to run.- Philip Gerard, Creative Nonfiction: Researching and Crafting Stories of Real Life. Story Press, 1996

Prospects of Utilization of Solar Energy For Thermal Desalination Dissertation

Prospects of Utilization of Solar Energy For Thermal Desalination Technologies in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The paper describes about the current scenario about water resources in Saudi Arabia and how existing demand supply gaps can be filled with the use of thermal desalination technology in the years to come. Introduction The world population including the population in Saudi Arabia is growing at a rapid pace. The established and known reserves of fossil fuel is depleting fast. It has been imperative on the part of scientist and engineers to think of alternate sources of energy to meet the increasing demand. With the rising population demand of water is increasing too. Saudi Arabia has no natural sources of water supply except the water stored in aquifers. For these reasons, the Saudi Arabia has undertaken several projects for the development of renewable sources of energy. This study explores the possibility of harnessing solar energy for the purpose of desalination of water in Saudi Arabia. Radiation Measurement in Saudi Arabia According to one research report, the average solar radiat ion in Saudi Arabia is noticed as 5591 Watt hour on unit square meter area. The data collected are from 41 stations in the period of 10 years. (Mohandas et al, 1999) The solar radiation measurement in Saudi Arabia is now available for 10 major towns namely Tabuk, Al-Ula, Unayxah, Shaqra, Dawdami, Yabrin, Turabah, Heifa, Kwash, and Najran. Though all the locations offer promising solar radiation but the area of Najran is found to be the best. The method used is called radial basis function neural networks. (Mohandas et al, 1999) Solar energy and duration of sunshine is not the same throughout the year. As per the Solar Radiation Atlas the radiation is found to be in the range of 4.1 and 6.7 kilowatt-hour /sq. meter / day. (Alnaser et al., 2004) An Overview of Desalination Process in Saudi Arabia The current market share of the Saudi Arabia in the production of desalinated water is about 30 percent when viewed with respect to the global capacity installed. In last 80 years the Saudi A rabia has spent almost $25 billion on building and operating desalination plants. The kingdom now has 30 desalination units and the country has more than quadrupled its food production. It can be said that Saudi Arabia has turned into a modern nation in the last 25 years. A more than 50 percent water need of a resident in any city of the kingdom is met through Desalinated technology. (Water Demand, 2010) Supply and Demand Scenario of Water in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is mostly desert area devoid of any lakes or rivers. Saudi has limited water resources. The groundwater, stored in several aquifers across the country, is the main source that satisfies more than 90% of its water demand. Available Water Resources in Saudi Arabia, 2010 Source of Water In Million Cubic Meters Surface water (Renewable) 5000 (2230 available for use) Groundwater resources 2,269,000 (84,000 renewable water in shallow aquifers) Groundwater recharge (Renewable) 3,958 (1,196 in shallow aquifers and 2,762 in dee p aquifers) Desalination 1050 Treated Wastewater 400 Source: http://www.miahona.com/upload/publications/2010_Walid_SWPF-2010_Jeddah.pdf (p 18) The government of Saudi Arabia has been making great efforts to secure the water supplies for all purposes; some of them include such as dams, distribution systems, wastewater collection and treatment facilities in most cities and towns of the kingdom along with large sea

West VS East. Racial And Gender Stereotypes And Power Relationships Research Paper

West VS East. Racial And Gender Stereotypes And Power Relationships - Research Paper Example Thus, this flow seems unstoppable on the example of Europeans and Asians. David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly is an applicable example of those fallacies white supremacist promoted about underdeveloped Asians. Turning up to this topic, the world knows many examples when cultural misconception brought a host of social, political, and economical conflicts based on the racial and ethnical difference. This popular trend in the East-West debate was broken down by means of Hwang’s M. Butterfly. Thus, Western influences on Asian culture refer to the imperial dominance, while Eastern identity cannot be trite even after the period of colonization. First and foremost, representatives from Asian countries and with Asian descent were always an object for Western mockery and humiliation. This trend is historically grounded. The question is that Asian people are quite different in their sets of virtues and values they carry on in terms of religion, society, money-making, and the like. O nce, it became annoying for the white supremacists that colonized much of the South-East Asian countries. The pressure started growing since that time. Hence, it overgrew into inequality and prejudices. Asian men and women were not considered equal with European men and women due to the higher, so to speak, status and position of the latter descent. Taking a look at the Hwang’s work, Rene Gallimard is an unhappy white man to be trapped into his own fallacy on Asian women. He fell in love with blindness in his eyes regarding the gender of an Asian woman he loved. The idea is that Asian men as well as Asian women were not considered sexually attractive for white people. Their asexual identity was another reason why they were mistrusted and discriminated by the white majority. Oriental sexuality bore a mark of impossibility. This bias embraced the cultural vision of Caucasian people worldwide. Hence, a host of different stereotypes is the reason why East-West discourse fell shor t of further clarifications. Misogyny referred to Asian men along with feminization referred to Asian women in a wider look at the Western imaginary are the main drives to declare inability of Asians to be attractive to white people. This is why Asians seem to be cast adrift far from where whites gathered. On the other hand, Asian women were considered incapable of their female potential so as to impress Europeans. Thus, East-West racial and gender stereotypes were well grounded on extrapolation of power relations with a century-long continuation. When Gallimard says: â€Å"I’m a man who loved a woman created by a man† – it is a justification of narrow-mindedness he possessed before which was imposed by the rest of his own society in Paris (Hwang ii). It is a remarkable episode depicting the way Rene Gallimard erred during his visit of China. On the other hand, framing Asian men as dangerous for women at large was another stereotype by the Western theorists. One can see it through the way Gallimard behaved in the first days of his trip to China. Frankly speaking, it is all about the way two cultures differ in their understanding of social equilibrium and harmony. Sorrentino points out in his study the following idea: â€Å"Most relevant in this case is the way the West has been described as having an individualistic culture with relatively â€Å"loose† social norms whereas the East has been described as having a collectivistic culture with â€Å"tight† social norms that emphasize social harmony† (51). This is the sticking point highlighting the point of misunderstanding between two cultures. Drawing the images of Asian people in strict accordance to the prejudices and stereotypes illustrating the Western supremacy over the rest of the world, asexual Asian men and hypersexual Asian women seem to

Body Image and the “Double Bind” Essay Example for Free

Body Image and the â€Å"Double Bind† Essay Society and mass media has always been in charge of creating and setting standards and categorizations by which America and the rest of the world is supposed to live by and live up to. In this country, image is of the utmost importance, and who we presume to be is more important than who we actually are. How we view ourselves, and how we think we should look like is largely affected by society in its creation of the â€Å"ideal† men and women. But it is mostly women, who appear to be on the receiving end of such â€Å"ideal† standards which society imposes on the rest of us on a daily basis, through magazines, television shows, commercial ads, and practically the whole of mass media. I talked to my friend, Seunghye Lee, regarding this issue, and her answers provided a significant but alarming insight on the effect mass media has on women of every race and culture, and the unfortunate success which the said system apparently has on influencing womens standards regarding self image and body issues. Seunghye Lee, as evident from her name, is Korean. After graduating from elementary school in Korea, she left for the United States, and has since been studying in this country. She is now twenty years old, majoring in biology, with a minor in psychology. But Seunghye is considering shifting to chemistry because she believes the field requires a greater amount of logical thinking, as opposed to plain memorization, which, from experience, she believes is what biology is limiting her to. Despite the length of time she has been staying in America, and how she appears very American, Seunghye understands a lot about her roots and the Korean culture. I met her at the main library for interview, and appearing relatively tall, healthy, as well as cheerful and with a sunny and optimistic view and disposition, I did not think she would be affected by the oppressive standards of media, nor would she feel bad about her body. I was wrong. When asked how she feels about her body, Seunghye replies, â€Å"I feel like I need to lose a little bit of weight because since I entered college, I gained some weight. People say that I am pretty tall, and I look healthy. † She confesses to feeling more conscious of her body when she turns to fashion magazines like Cosmopolitan, and admits wanting to hit the gym more often when she looks at images of beautiful and skinny girls on the magazine. But since shes entered college, shes had fewer times in which she needed to look at magazines anymore. Like probably most adolescents and women of her age, Seunghye feels that she needs to lose weight, even when peeople tell her that she has a relatively normal and healthy body. Her idea of happiness, where her physical features, and wher body is concerned, is â€Å"losing a few pounds† and â€Å"having a toned body. † But unlike others, she believes in exercise, work-outs, and hitting the gym, as a healthier means of losing weight, as opposed to starving oneself to death by not eating. When asked ultimately, if women today feel pressured, and if she feel pressured regarding her body image, Seunghye relates, â€Å"Yes, yes it affects me. Im pressured to not look fat. † Despite such statement, she admits, â€Å"I do not want to be too skinny, but I want to be fit and toned. It would be nice to have a body like Angelina Jolie. † It is clear from Seunghyes response, and by the way the rest of adolescent women across America choose to dress, or behave, and regard themselves, that body issues and image affects all involved. Mass media unfortunately exploits this particular weakness which most, if not, all of us are prone to falling trap into. Women are torn in the â€Å"double bind,† between standards set by society which dictates we should be â€Å"sexy† and â€Å"feminine† by wearing the type of clothes designers choose to put on models and celebrities, and in conventional standards which asks that we should also appear â€Å"chaste† and â€Å"virginal. † How we should regard and relate to our body should not be affected by the crassness of images and ideas being peddled by media. There exists a struggle and a need to break free from these standards, stereotypes, and maybe even cliches, regarding our body images. We need to create our own standards and not let media, society, or any system force feed ideologies regarding how we should act and who we are to become: for our sake, and for the benefit of all involved.

Roman Empire :: essays research papers

What caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of the Western Roman Empire is a very extensive topic because there were a multitude of continuous events that led to the demise of one of the world’s most legendary empires. Although there are many theories to the downfall of the Western Roman Empire the main cause was the internal corruption of the Empire and then the closely followed invasions on an internally weakened society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out the years historians have been examining every detail about the Western Roman Empire and most come to the conclusion that many things led to the decline and decay of the grand empire. One of the many things was that being in the political spotlight was very risky and often times political figures and emperors met their death because of bands of people who didn’t like what they were doing. An additional thing that fueled the decay of the empire was the epidemics. Diseases like the plague would wipe out mass populations of people. Equally important was that the Western Roman Empire was of such colossal size that it had a hard time connecting its people. Along with having such an expansive Empire came the issue of excluding people in political matters (document 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An additional issue that aided the demise was the economic factors, not all historians believed that all the factors were just morally and culturally based. Slavery is one the biggest economic factors that â€Å"shot the empire in the foot†. Slavery is what kept the rich from the poor. The rich that established latifundia (gigantic profitable estates) got richer and the peasant farmers couldn’t stay with the competition and either had to join up as a sharecropper or move to the city, which added to the unemployment (Document 3) (by peasants moving to the city the cities get increasingly crowded and epidemics spring up more often). An additional aspect that guided the Western Roman Empire to its grave was its army. The Roman Empires army turned into German mercenaries (Document 5). The mercenaries cost a lot of money because they had to guard the Empires vast boarders.

Whale Shark Policy

The rapid growth of commercial value of sharks since in the late period of 1970s was attributed to the increasing market demand not only for shark meat but also for their cartilages and fins (Christiansen, 2006). Although, the preliminary Fishery Management Plan, FMP, for Atlantic Billfish and Sharks was published by the Secretary of Commerce in 1978, the implementation of its provisions was hardly realized (Christiansen, 2006). Thus, shark fishing has prevailed in the market for a long period of time. In fact, commercial, illegal and even recreational fishing of sharks in the Atlantic coastal zones is commonly observed in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the coastal regions of the New England (Christiansen, 2006). It is not surprising then that Rhincodon typus species were classified as threatened shark species by the Convention on the International Trade in Wild Species of Flora and Fauna, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Convention on Migratory Species. In response to high market demands amidst the low fecundity and late maturity of sharks, the five councils on Atlantic Fishery Management urged the Secretary of Commerce to establish FMP for sharks in 1989 (Christiansen, 2006). As a result, the formulated FMP called for the establishment of FMU or fishery management unit for 39 shark species including Rhincodon typus or whale shark. For regulation and assessment, FMU was divided into groups for pelagic sharks, LCS or Large Coastal Sharks, and Small Coastal Sharks or SCS. During that time, the National Marine Fisheries Service, NMFS, classified LCS as overfished while SCS and pelagic sharks were described as fully fished (Christiansen, 2006). Hence, quotas on both recreational and commercial shark fishing were implemented by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NMFS. In 1999, a new FMP was established to cover Atlantic Tunas and Swordfish in control and regulation. However, based on the study on SCS and LCS populations in 2002, the previous FMP measures failed to alleviate the deteriorating condition of Atlantic coastal sharks (Christiansen, 2006). In relation to this, the 1999 FMP provisions were amended by NMFS in 2003 which covered re-aggregation of LCS stocks, recreational bag limit adjustment, LCS timeframe revision, fishing quota implementation based on MSY or maximum sustainable yield, gear restriction establishment, elimination of the allowable minimum size, updates on the EFH or essential fish habitat, regional quota establishment, setting of area or time for closure off the coast in North Carolina territory, implementation of commercial fishing in trimester seasons, identification of criteria for endangered shark species classification, and establishment of VMS or vessel monitoring system for both recreational and commercial fishing vessels. Consequently, in 2004, the MSY-based annual landing quotas, 1,017 metric tonne and 454 metric tonne dressed weight were implemented respectively for LCS and SCS (Christiansen, 2006). Nevertheless, since areas of migration, pupping and mating of the Atlantic sharks encompass the territorial regions of various states, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission or ASMFC proposed an interstate FMP for an efficient management including control and monitoring of coastal shark fishing along the Atlantic coast which included the whale shark or Rhincodon typus shark species (Christiansen, 2006). The Pacific Shark Fishery States’ Regulations Based on the statistics of the NMFS, in the year range of 1991-1998, the shark killings in the Western and Central Pacific had increased by more than 2500% from 2,289 to 60,857 cases (Spiegel, n. d. ). At present, longline fishermen caught about 150,000 sharks annually of which 568 million pounds were taken from the Pacific coastal zones (Spiegel, n. d. ). Thus, in December 2000, the United States Congress enacted a nationwide ban against shark market. As well, the NMFS and the Department of Commerce failure to abolish illegal shark fishing, Californian representative, in September 1999, proposed the Pacific Resolution to ban shark killings in all federal states of the United States (Spiegel, n. d. ). In November of the same year, the resolution was approved by both congress and the senate. In line with this, the Hawaii Senate passed Bill 1947 on March 17, 2000 to control the shark fin trade in the market (Spiegel, n. d. ). In addition, the Magnuson Act was amended on January 27, 2000 through House Resolution 3535 to completely ban shark finning (Spiegel, n. d. ). Nonetheless, in December of the same year, to further amend the Magnuson Act and to absolutely ban shark finning in all federal states, the congress acted out House Resolution 5461 (Spiegel, n. d. ). This resolution has opened the doors for the development of multilateral or bilateral agreements for the global campaign against shark killings. Similarly, shark fishing regulations were also enacted in several countries like Australia, Honduras, South Africa, Nanimbia, Thailand, Philippines, Maldives, and Israel (Spiegel, n. d. ). Whale Shark Regulations in other Countries Whale shark was classified as vulnerable shark species of the Minister for the Environment and heritage of Australia under the 2001 Environment protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act or EPBC Act (Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2004). The decline of the whale shark population on Australian coasts was attributed to the unceasing shark hunting in the critical coastal zones in other countries like in India, Taiwan, and in the Philippines. Thus, whale sharks have been legally protected by the 1950 Wildlife Conservation Act, the 1975 Great BARRIERS Reef Marine Park Act, the 1984 Conservation and land Management Act, the 1994 Fish Resources Management Act, and the 1996 Fisheries Regulation (Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2004). Meanwhile, in India, the national policies on fisheries are employed on the management of shark fishing (Hanfee, 1999). As such, policies specific for shark fisheries have not yet formulated by the Indian government. Generally, in consultation with fish vessel managers and company administrators, the Indian Department of Fisheries regulates and takes control of shark fishing in the country’s coastal regions (Hanfee, 1999). Despite the issues of inaccurate reporting on the management of whale shark fishing, other Asian countries like Thailand and Philippines have their respective legal policies to protect whale shark species.

A Comparison between British and Indian Political Party Systems Essay

It is a cardinal truth that party system has now become an inseparable part of the political tradition of any country. But due to the differences in perception, values, outlook, beliefs, culture, party system varies from country to country. Thus, some countries are dominated by a single party, some others have developed a two-party system, but still others have evolved a multi-party one. Of course a comparison between India and Britain will make the issue crystal clear. India had been under the British rule of nearly two centuries and, hence, it was legitimately expected that they would have some basic similarities in political system and structure. But, as a matter of fact, their political system has engendered queer dissimilarities in practical politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, British tradition has taught the politicians the value of tolerance and cooperation. So the Opposition agrees that the Government, due to its majority support, rules the nation and the Government, in its turn, admit that the Opposition has the inherent right to criticize it. This inter-play between the Government and the Opposition is the life-blood of the British politics. â€Å"If the Opposition constantly obstructed and the Government consistently voted it down, the dictatorship of the majority would soon be established† (Jennings, 88). In this sense, he writes that the Opposition is an essential part of the political system. Sir William Harcourt had, however, pointed out that â€Å"The function of the Opposition is to oppose the Government† (p. 78). But Sir Jennings has aptly shown the folly of such contention. According to him, the real function of the opposition is to oppose the wrong policy of the Government and to support its beneficial actions. This is why often the Prime Minister and the opposition leader meet together and discuss the matters of public importance. They even try to formulate common policy and draft the Bills on the basis of an agreement. In this connection, Sir Jennings observes, â€Å"Many proposals of the Government are not opposed, because there is general agreement† (p. 89). During two World Wars, two major parties sunk their differences and worked together through the War-Cabinet. Even during the peace time, they come nearer in order to fight out national crisis. Thus, when in 1931, the Labor Prime Minister, Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, â€Å"†¦intended to resign due to a split in his party, the cabinet was saved by the Conservative Party which joined it in order to avert a constitutional crisis (Majumder, p. 375). This ‘National Government’ functioned till 1936 without any internal crisis and it clearly indicates that the political culture of Britain has taught the leaders to unite together during any national crisis. Sometimes, the point of view of two different political parties was opposite. But the Prime Minister allowed the Conservative Ministers to express their own view. This is known as ‘Agreement to Differ’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But political system in India is quite different. The Government hardly listens to the Opposition and the later, in its turn, is never friendly to it. While the former depends upon it brute majority, the later is depended upon a policy of obstruction. The discussions in the Parliament, thus, often become a â€Å"worse than a primary-school debate† (Sikri, p. 184). The opposition leaders are sometimes arrested or abused or humiliated in an unseemly manner. In fact, politics of power in India has thrown the Government and the opposition to two hostile camps and nothing seems to be unjust in such tussle. For example, in 1999, the Central Government was ousted by one vote in an ugly manner. But the parties in the opposition which united together in order to topple the Cabinet, could not tie up for forming a new one. Similarly, the Central Government of every political color has lavishly used Art 356 of the constitution with a view to dismissing the state governments formed by the opponents. Thus, between 1950 and 1996, such President’s Rule was promulgated 93 times for political reasons (Source: Lok-Sabha Secretariat, India). In this sense, it can be held that the central weapon has been more abused than used. In other words, a constitutional, lacuna has often been exploited by the power mongers at the Center in order to let the opponents down. Secondly, the British political system has also convinced the leaders to give more importance to public service than to party interest or personal gains. Thus, in 1923, Bonar Law, the Prime Minister, resigned on grounds of health. But in India, the leaders are more concerned with power – they are prepared to retain or snatch it by means, foul or fair. If they can capture power, they try to stick to it till death or defeat. It is to be remembered that in 1834, Lord Melbourne, the British Prime Minister suffered a setback due to a split in his party. He then asked the King, William IV, whether or not he would remain in his office. Acting upon the royal advice, he actually stepped down. But in India, neither a Prime Minister nor a Chief Minister quits his office in this way. It too suggests that political system in India is quite different. Thirdly, Britain has a two-party system. However, Ogg admits that, â€Å"†¦besides the Conservative party and the Labor Party, there are also the Liberals† (p. 552). But, in fact, the liberals faded out during the nineteen thirties. But, in India is a multi-party system. In 1991, 445 parties registered their names with the Election Commission. True that, at the beginning, the Congress dominated the political scene and, consequently G. Austin held that, â€Å"The Congress was India and India was the Congress† (p. 8). Truly, India had â€Å"one-dominant party-system† (Morris-Jones, p. 174). But gradually, various parties based on religion, region, localism, language, caste, creed and personal ambition came up in rapid progress. In fact, the â€Å"†¦diversities of population have now created a pluralistic society and this mushroom growth of political parties has affected Indian unity in an alarming way† (Rout, p. 200). Fourthly, it is true that on occasions, the British leaders like Robert Peel, J. Chamberlain and W. Churchill defected from their party. But such defection was motivated by lofty idealism and not by personal ambition and party integrity. But in India, defection has become a highly profitable business. Between March and April of 1969 as many as 550 legislators crossed the floor and as some of them did it on several occasions, the number of such defection finally reached to more than one thousand. Some of them even changed their loyalties from times within a month. So Dr. Kashyap has rightly observed that such â€Å"large-scale defection has often resulted in the ups and downs of the Cabinets† (p. 6). Sixthly, while public involvement in the election in Britain has made it a popular democracy, India is, in this respect, lagging far behind. In Britain, 80-90 percent people cast their votes, because they know that voting is the basis of indirect democracy. But political system in India is pathetically otherwise. In 1984, the percentage of popular participation in election in India rose to 64, but normally it remains below 62 and in 1962, it came down to 55 percent. Moreover, this percentage is based upon huge number of false votes. â€Å"While British polls reflect honesty and purity of purpose, elections in India have become a costly furze. Capturing of booths, use of armed criminals and dacoits, manipulation in the voter-list, looting of ballot papers and so on have become essential parts of election† (Kapur, p. 425). Seventhly, India has also failed to accept the idea of neutral speaker-ship which is an important aspect of British political tradition. â€Å"He is, as near as a human being can be, impartial† (Finer, p. 475). So, as soon as he takes the chair, he cuts off all relationships with his party and acts as the non-partisan chairman of the House of Commons. But, the speakers in India remain party-men and they often give their rulings in their political interests. So, Dr. Dash has rightly remarked, â€Å"We have not been able to reach the standard of aloofness prevailing in this matter in England† (Dash, p. 262). Last, but not the least, the British political system does not, by any means, admit corruption or turpitude on the part of Ministers or Leaders. Strong public opinion has always condemned such affairs and, on occasions, Mr. Profumo and Mr. Parkinson have to resign from the Cabinet. But in India, a person with nearly a dozen criminal charges can be and remain in the Cabinet. Most strangely, even the people of the country do not bother much with such ugly affairs. Party, Government and the People In modern times, the party system is an essential part of political life. However, in the dictatorial system, a particular political party monopolizes all political power, because it is essentially a one-party rule (Neumann, p. 244).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But, in a democratic system like India and Britain, the government is formed by the people and it is keyed to public opinion. So, the political parties keep up a link between the government and the electorate. In fact, they keep the national life politically (Agarwal, p. 386). Democracy means the rule of the people and as they are guided by the political parties, political life veers around the party system. â€Å"It is the electorate who determines the form of Government and chooses who guide and dictate its affairs† (Garner, p. 495)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But in realistic considerations, people hardly become unanimous – there are conflicting ideas and interests. â€Å"It happens, as in the case of the slavery question in the United States or the Free-trade problem in England, that some paramount issues divide the community† (Leacock, p. 313). Different political parties mould the opinion of different groups and the elections are actually fought on the basis of such issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But ultimately, the bi-party system is far better than the multi party system in linking up the government and the people. In a multi party structure, people’s votes are divided among different political parties, and thus, often popular opinion is hardly reflected in the formation of the government. Often coalition governments come up without the popular intention. But in a bi-party system, the people choose either of the two parties and, hence, the election brings out a better coordination between the party and the Government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this analysis, it would perhaps be amply clear that at least in a democracy, political life is determined by the party system. Particularly, a bi-party system like that of England creates a close link between the people and the government. References Austin, G. The Indian Constitution, World Press, New Delhi, 1978, p. 8 Agarwal, R.G. Political Theory, S. Chandra Books, Allahabad, 1996, p. 386 Dash, S.C. The Constitution of India, Modern Books, Mumbai, 1984, p. 262 Finer, H. Theory and Practice of Modern Government, Royal Press, New Delhi, 1976, p. 475 Garner, J.W. Political Science and Government, World Press, New Delhi, 1991, p. 495 Jennings, I. The Queen’s Government, Pelican Books, London, 1964, p. 88 Jennings, I. ibid, pp. 88-89 Kapur, A.C. The Indian Political System, New Press Hall, New Delhi, 11th ed. p. 425 Kashyap, S.C. Politics of Defection, Old House Publishers, Chennai, 1979, p. 6 Leacock, S. Elements of Political Science, Constable & Co. London, 1939, p. 313 Majumder, B.B. Rise and Development of the English Constitution, Book Land, Calcutta, 1968, p. 375 Morris-Jones, W.H. Government and Politics in India, Prince Town Publications, Calcutta, 1978, p. 172 Ogg, A. English Government and Politics, The MacMillan Company, London, 1929, p. 552 Rout, B.C. Democratic Constitution of India, New Book Hall, New Delhi, 1979, p. 200 Sikri, S.L. Indian Government and Politics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 1963, p. 184 The President’s Rule in the States and Union Territories, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Vol. 1, Issue 4, March 1993.

All the Pretty Horses essays

All the Pretty Horses essays All the pretty horses is an excellent piece of writing by Comic McCarthy. The main theme of the novel is the desire for freedom. The term freedom is used almost sarcastically as the author explores the essence of the freedom man desires only to find that it is actually a paradoxical term. On the one hand, we want freedom, which would allow us to do anything as we like but on the other, the author discovers that there is no real freedom without laws. The freedom we dream of is free from the shackles of law but the freedom that man can truly cherish and enjoy prospers within the confines of law. The young protagonist of the novel, Grady, is a representative of average American youth. He is a man who dreams of boundless freedom and since he can no longer enjoy that kind of freedom on the ranch his family had in America, he decides to run away to Mexico. For a brief time in this country, it looks as if Grady has found everything that he had ever wanted. He starts working on a splendid ranch with a large number of pretty horses and also falls in love with the beautiful daughter of his employer, a girl called Alejandra. These dreams are however very short-lived and Grady soon realizes that accountability and responsibility that he so despised in the US were actually the ingredients real freedom is made of. Grady comes of age and discovers that lawlessness doesnt breed freedom; it curtails free will and generates evil. In Mexico, he is forced to do thing against his will- things that he would have never been asked to do in the US like leaving Alejandra and killing someone in prison in self-defense. He along with his friend is thrown into prison for no real reason and that infuriates him even further. In this coming of age story, Grady learns the meaning of true freedom. He also learns much to his chagrin that without laws and rules, life is a rudderless boat that allows no exercise of free will. It lacks a ...

Biography of Gilda Radner, American Comedienne and Actress

Biography of Gilda Radner, American Comedienne and Actress Gilda Radner (June 28, 1946 – May 20, 1989) was an American comedienne  and actress known for her satirical characters on Saturday Night Live. She died of ovarian cancer at the age of 42, and was survived by her husband, actor Gene Wilder. Early Years Gilda Susan Radner was born on June 28, 1946 in Detroit, Michigan. She was the second child born to Herman Radner and Henrietta Dworkin. Gildas father Herman was a successful businessman, and Gilda and her brother Michael enjoyed a childhood of privilege. The Radners employed a nanny, Elizabeth Clementine Gillies, to help raise their children. Gilda was particularly close to Dibby, and her childhood memories of her hard of hearing nanny would later inspire her to create the character Emily Litella on Saturday Night Live. Gildas father ran the Seville Hotel in Detroit, and served a clientele that included musicians and actors who came to the city to perform. Herman Radner took young Gilda to see musicals and shows, and had a fondness for silly jokes that she shared. Her happy childhood was shattered in 1958, when her father was diagnosed with a brain tumor and subsequently suffered a stroke. Herman languished for two years before dying of cancer in 1960, when Gilda was just 14 years old. As a child, Gilda dealt with stress by eating. Her mother, Henrietta, took 10-year-old Gilda to a doctor who prescribed her diet pills. Gilda would continue a pattern of gaining and losing weight into adulthood, and years later, would recount her battle with an eating disorder in her autobiography, Its Always Something. Education Gilda attended the Hampton Elementary School through the fourth grade, at least when she was in Detroit. Her mother didnt care for Michigan winters, and each November she would take Gilda and Michael to Florida until the spring. In her autobiography, Gilda recalled how this annual routine made it difficult for her to establish friendships with other children. In fifth grade, she transferred to the prestigious Liggett School, which was then an all-girls school. She was active in the schools drama club, appearing in many plays throughout middle and high school. In her senior year, she served as the Class of 1964 vice president, and performed in the play The Mouse That Roared. After graduating high school, Gilda enrolled at the University of Michigan, where she majored in drama. She dropped out before earning her degree, however, and moved to Toronto with her sculptor boyfriend, Jeffrey Rubinoff. Career Gilda Radners first professional acting role was in the Toronto production of Godspell in 1972. The company included several future stars who would remain her lifelong friends: Paul Shaffer, Martin Short, and Eugene Levy. While in Toronto, she also joined the famed Second City improvisational troupe, where she performed with Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi and established herself as a bona fide force in comedy. Radner moved to New York City in 1973 to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour, a short-lived but influential weekly show. Though the show only lasted 13 months, National Lampoon brought together writers and performers who would push the boundaries of comedy for decades to come: Gilda, John Belushi, Bill Murray, Chevy Chase, Christopher Guest, and Richard Belzer, to name a few. In 1975, Gilda Radner was the first performer cast for the inaugural season of Saturday Night Live. As one of the Not Ready for Prime Time Players, Gilda wrote and performed in sketches with Jane Curtin, Laraine Newman, Garrett Morris, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. She was nominated twice for an Emmy as a Supporting Actress on SNL, and won the honor in 1978. During her tenure from 1975 to 1980, Gilda created some of SNLs most memorable characters. She parodied Barbara Walters with her recurring Baba Wawa character, a tv journalist with a speech impediment. She based another of her most beloved characters on a local New York news anchor named Rose Ann Scamardella. Roseanne Roseannadanna was a consumer affairs reporter who couldnt stay on topic in the early Weekend Update segments. As punk rocker Candy Slice, Radner channelled  Patti Smith. With Bill Murray, Gilda did a series of sketches featuring The Nerds, Lisa Loopner and Todd DiLaMuca. Gildas characters were so well received, she took them to Broadway. Gilda Radner – Live from New York opened at the Winter Garden Theater on August 2, 1979, and ran for 51 performances. Besides Gilda, the cast included Don Novello (as Father Guido Sarducci), Paul Shaffer, Nils Nichols, and the Candy Slice Group. After her Broadway debut, Gilda Radner landed roles in several movies, including First Family with Bob Newhart and Movers and Shakers with Walter Matthau. She also appeared in three films with husband Gene Wilder: Hanky Panky,  The Woman in Red, and Haunted Honeymoon. Personal Life Gilda met her first husband, George Edward G. E. Smith, when he was hired as a guitarist for her Broadway show Gilda Live in 1979. They married in early 1980. Gilda was still married to G. E. when she landed a role in a new Gene Wilder movie, Hanky Panky, that began filming in 1981. Already unhappy in her marriage to G. E. Smith, Gilda pursued a relationship with Wilder. Radner and Smith divorced in 1982. The relationship between Gilda and Gene Wilder was rocky at first. In an interview years later, Wilder said he found Gilda needy and demanding of his attention at first, so much so that they broke up for a time. They soon reconciled, however, and on September 18, 1984 1984, Gilda and Gene married while on vacation in France. Cancer Gildas happy ever after with Gene wouldnt last long, sadly. On October 21, 1986, she was diagnosed with stage four ovarian cancer. While filming Haunted Honeymoon the year before, Gilda couldnt understand why she  constantly felt fatigued and rundown. She finally went to her internist for a physical exam, but the lab tests only showed a possibility of Epstein-Barr virus. The doctor reassured her that her symptoms were likely stress-induced, and not serious. When she started running a low grade fever, she was instructed to take acetaminophen. Gildas symptoms continued to worsen as time passed. She developed stomach and pelvic cramps that kept her in bed for days. Her gynecologist didnt find any cause for concern and referred her to a gastroenterologist. Every test came back normal, despite Gildas deteriorating health. By the summer of 1986, she was experiencing excruciating pain in her thighs and had lost a startling amount of weight, with no obvious cause. Finally, in October 1986, Gilda was admitted to a hospital in Los Angeles to undergo extensive testing. A CAT scan revealed a grapefruit-sized tumor in her abdomen. She underwent surgery to remove the tumor and had a complete hysterectomy, and immediately started a long course of chemotherapy. Doctors assured her that her prognosis was good. In June of the following year, Gilda had completed the prescribed chemotherapy, and her doctor scheduled an exploratory surgery to make sure all signs of the cancer were gone. She was devastated to learn that it wasnt, and more chemotherapy was required. Over the next two years, Gilda endured treatments, tests, and surgeries that would ultimately fail to eradicate the cancer. Gilda Radner died on May 20, 1989 at Cedars-Sinae Medical Center in Los Angeles, at the age of 42. After Gildas death, Gene Wilder joined two of her friends, cancer psychotherapist Joanna Bull and broadcaster Joel Siegel, to found a network of cancer support centers. Gildas Clubs, as the centers are known, help patients living with cancer by providing emotional and social support as they go through treatment. Sources â€Å"Gilda Radner.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 28 Apr. 2017, www.biography.com/people/gilda-radner-9450459.â€Å"Gilda Radner (1946-1989) - Find A Grave Memorial.†Ã‚  (1946-1989) - Find A Grave Memorial, www.findagrave.com/memorial/848/gilda-radner.â€Å"Gilda Radner - Live from New York Broadway Winter Garden Theatre - Tickets and Discounts.†Ã‚  Playbill, www.playbill.com/production/gilda-radner-live-from-new-york-winter-garden-theatre-vault-0000011534.Hevesi, Dennis. â€Å"Gilda Radner, 42, Comic Original Of Saturday Night Live Zaniness.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 20 May 1989, www.nytimes.com/1989/05/21/obituaries/gilda-radner-42-comic-original-of-saturday-night-live-zaniness.html.Johnson, Hillary. â€Å"Goodbye, Gilda Radner.†Ã‚  Rolling Stone, Rolling Stone, 13 July 1989, www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/gilda-19890713.Karras, Steve. â€Å"Gilda Radner Remembered.†Ã‚  The Huffington Post, TheHuffingt onPost.com, 6 Jan. 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-karras/gilda-radner-club_b_2366303.html. Radner, Gilda.  Its Always Something.  Simon and Schuster, 1989.Saltman, David.  Gilda: an intimate portrait. Contemporary Books, 1992.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Essay Example 2) Assessing Risk The second step is based on the assessment of the likelihood and outcomes of the risk. This means that the frequency and probability of the risk is measured in conjunction with the severity of its outcomes. 3) Create Controls and Make Right Decisions The third step in the risk management process is the formulation of control measures for minimizing risks. R. S. Khatta (2008) elaborates that controls are most effective when the causes that lead to risk are effectively dealt with. 4) Making Right Decisions The decision committee then reviews the control options and implements those which reduce the possibility of risks to minimum. Such decisions are highly dependent on the cost. 5) Monitoring and Evaluating Controls The controls being implemented need to be evaluated precisely. Constant monitoring of controls aimed at minimizing risks is also essential. Feedbacks are generated so as to analyze the effectiveness of controls (Steven S. Wilder, 1997). Role of the Project Manager in Risk Management Process John Bartlett (2004) writes that without any second thought, a project manager can be called as the champion of risk management process. A project manager is the one who has the responsibility of ensuring that the project is being run as planned and the entire team is enthusiastically engaged. He actively communicates with the suppliers and contractors and has access to the updated financial data. Few of the roles of project manager in the risk management process include ensuring the implementation of risk management process in the project. A project manager assesses the possible occurrence and severity level of the risk. He holds the responsibility of regularly updating the risk status to the seniors. A project manager also conducts meetings to review the risk; this is essential so that he could get update information on how well the entire process of risk management is going. He agrees to possible feedback and risk control response. One of the m ost significant responsibilities of a project manager includes closely monitoring of how effective is the role that is being played by the risk management team in the whole process. From these roles discussed in the previous sentences, we can get a clear idea that a project manager is the backbone for the successful implementation of risk management in any project. Benefits of Risk Management Risk management has obvious benefits in the step of project planning. Risk Management offers a structured framework which is an integral part of the planning process. It presents ways to maximize opportunities and minimize risks. It promotes the optimal utilization of resources in the project. With the help of risk management, there is an increased flow of communication between project members. The senior management gets a precise picture of the identified risks that may affect the project as well as the measures aimed at reducing those risks. The accountability pattern becomes more organized a nd improved. Decision making becomes effective due to the risk management process. The objectives of the project become more clear and achievable due to the involvement of risk managemen

Information Security implications of using Java and AJAX Term Paper

Information Security implications of using Java and AJAX - Term Paper Example In fact, information technology based systems are currently more commonly used for business and personal tasks. However, distributed and e-commerce systems and applications normally depend on a wide variety of features and technologies in their realization, comprising scripting languages, web, server side systems, mobile processing and in fundamental database. Additionally, the mixture of these systems and technologies produces a system that necessitates extra concentration regarding various kinds of security and privacy issues and the system all together. In this scenario, in systems working and operations, these issues take place from the interactions of privacy and security arrangements accessible for every component (Lindquist, 2002). This research presents an analysis of the information security implications of using JAVA and AJAX. This research will focus on the security implications of using Java and AJAX, such as how easy/difficult it would be to secure a Java/AJAX applicatio n. This paper will also offer some recommendations for programmers who use Java/AJAX as a programming platform. This research will also present some of the major strengths and weaknesses, common security vulnerabilities and demonstration of findings regarding security and privacy issues. JAVA Programming and Security Issues One of the major software design considerations for the Java based platform is to offer a protected environment for running mobile code. Basically, the Java programming language encompasses its own exclusive set of safety and privacy aspects and challenges. In view of the fact that the Java security structure can defend a client and systems from hostile applications and can be downloaded over a network, hence it cannot protect beside system implementation issues that appear in the trust system code. Additionally, similar issues and bugs can involuntarily open a large number of security holes that the security arrangement was intended to hold, including access to printers, files, microphones, webcams and the network from behind firewalls. In some of the hardest issues local applications can be Java security disabled or executed. Without a doubt, these issues can turn the system into a zombie platform, take secret information from system and web, stop helpful process of the system; spy through linked devices, support additional security based attacks, and a number of other malicious tasks. In addition, the selection of programming language for system developments influences the robustness of a software application. In this scenario, the Java programming language and virtual machine offer a number of characteristics to ease and support common software programming issues and problems. Additionally, the programming language is type-safe, and the run-time offers automatic system memory management

AMCS 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMCS 2 - Essay Example Such elites claim that these actions were therefore no worse than fraternity hazing (Tetreault 33). Tetreault does not agree with such US elites. She believes that the photographs reveal something that is more sinister. In this article, she argues strongly that the photographs is an indication of a complex reactions by the US to the September 11, 2001 attacks. This is not all; Tetreault also claims that the actions are an indication of a need to punish those who are viewed by America as an inferior oriental enemy so as to assert U.S. global dominance. Tetreault gives a convincing reasons and evidences for her views of this matter. She begins by stating that images of dead people, dead Iraqis, convey a message of relief and victory. The message that says ‘my enemy is dead and I am alive.’ By looking at Tetreault’s next explanation, one can be convinced beyond doubt to declare that truly, Iraq is America’s enemy and the photos were a sign that US soldiers wer e showing their victory over the Iraqis. Tetreault states that the photographs taken resembled those taken by soldiers in times of war when they were taking photographs of their enemies. She also makes it clear that the photos are not just any other veteran publications because most of the photographs of Abu Ghraib belong to a genre that is rarely published by veterans (Tetreault 34). These photos are therefore a mock to Iraq that even in her own land, she had fallen to the hands of the US. One is likely to ask, why such kind of enemity? As Tetreault puts it, they are a reaction to the September 11, 2001 attacks. With such a view, the photographs cannot be interpreted better than as a sign of successful revenge. One is likely to sound somehow strange and unjustified to interpret such photographs are a sign that Iraq is one of the inferior oriental enemies of the US. However, Tetreault is strongly convinced of this. She states that if they are analyzed in the context of orientalism i n the chain of command of the US, it portrays a situation in which those who are vulnerable are subjected to direct and indirect violence. They are also comparable to rituals of violence orchestrated by elites (Tetreault 34). Rituals of violence here denote repeated acts of violence. they remind members of the points of agreement or core values they share. Furthermore, Tetreault is convinced that the pornographic photos are a strategy of domination by the US. They reveal rituals of violence that evidence power relations between the US and Iraq, occupier and occupied. This is signified by the photos showing naked and lewdly posed Iraqi men, as the subjects, and American women who were clothed and playing dominatrix roles. From creation, the complex cultural norms that define sexuality are feminine subjecting to masculine power. One will therefore not miss out on the point that such photos are a reverse of it all and thus, they are a testimony of the production and reproduction of glo bal dominance by the US. To this point, one will not be biased against the US to say that Tetreault’s claims have some elements of truth and thus, justified. The strongest point of the article is that its arguments are mainly based on critical analysis if the photographs presented and other justifiable truths. This makes the arguments presented highly convincing. However, this article alone cannot be used to make a strong formal accusation against

Arab Nationalism in the Modern Context

Arab Nationalism in the Modern Context ‘Arab Nationalism’ was an important part of anti-colonial struggle. A generation on it has little meaning today. Discuss. This essay will examine to what extent Arab nationalism as an ideology was of significance to the anti-colonial struggle and the influence of Arab nationalism in present times. A prominent question of interest in this study will be: was western domination eliminated due to the might of Arab nationalism? Certainly there has been a debate surrounding the significance of Arab nationalism today, this essay will highlight central issues surrounding the debate such as whether Arab nationalism has terminally declined or has just become a lessened force. A further question of concern will be: If Arab nationalism has gone into political remission could it be revived or gain appeal in present times? Furthermore this study will analyse when Arab nationalism was at its strongest and when the greatest expression of Arab nationalism were evident. Arab nationalism is considered to be a nationalist ideology which objective is to achieve a unified Arab nation encompassing the entire territory which is categorised as â€Å"the Arab World† from the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf (Karsh Karsh, 1996). The assertion of Arab nationalism is that there should be political unity within the Arab world. Arab nationalism is an ideology that stresses solidarity of the Arab people which is entrenched in a common language, history and culture. The Arabic language is considered to play a significant unifying role. Certain scholars such as al-Hursi deem that the Arabic language is a central element of Arab nationalism (Suleiman, 1994). In addition, the end of Western hegemony and domination in the Middle East and North Africa region was a prominent objective of Arab nationalism. The notion of unity was believed to be a method that could be utilised to overcome colonisation. Arab nationalism was considered to be the sole vital method capable of providing an avenue away from colonialism and imperialism and a means to eliminate colonialism altogether. It was regarded to have the potential to provide larger regional unity as it offered the foundation of establishing an amalgamated nation that could be capable of resisting colonial powers and ultimately attaining independence. Various forms of long lasting grievances were caused by colonial occupation such as political oppression and marginalisation plus excessive economic profits and resources were continuously seized and exploited by the colonial powers. Furthermore a foreign unfamiliar culture was forced upon the Arab populaces; Arab nationalism and the set of beliefs surrounding the ideology were believed to have the capability to dissolve such matters in order to redeem and revert back to an indigenous culture and heritage. Most of the Arab world experienced colonial suppression and were ruled by western powers such as Britain and France. Was Arab nationalism vital in the struggle against colonialism? It is deemed that â€Å"†¦through the imperial world during the decolonizing period, protest, resistance, and independence movements were fuelled by one or another nationalism† (Said, 1993). The end of the Second World War caused vast political, social and economic transformations to the world order subsequently certain colonised nations gained their independence. In spite of this, the end of explicit or direct colonialism obviously did not equate to the termination of colonial dominance. European powers sought to retain their power across the Middle East and North Africa and colonialism still dominated large parts of the region. European imperialist presence was still evident as certain monarchies were under their rule and were still well disposed to them. For example, Egypt had been granted independence by the British in 1933 however Britain still played a direct role in Egyptian affairs and exercised a huge influence over the nation. It would be in this context that Arab nationalism would serve to provide a compelling set of beliefs and gain ground as a robust force in opposition to foreign occupation. Rafik Asha deemed that â€Å"(Arab) nationalism constitutes the v ital soul-force of our people, the bloodstream of Arab life and political vitality, the spirit which guides a resurgent people towards freedom from domination, servitude and patronage† (Pfaff, 1970). The Arab nationalist movement was immensely advanced by Gamal Abdel Nasser whom attained power in Egypt and became the nation’s president. In 1956, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal which had still been occupied by the British. Furthermore, he fought against British, French and Israeli hostility and attacks towards Egypt later on that year. Both these forms of action exhibited a defiant attitude towards the Western powers and inevitably forced them into submission. During this epoch, Arab nationalism gained immense support and popularity throughout the Middle East and North Africa due to Nasser’s leadership furthermore many people in other Arab nations believed that they shared a common struggle against colonial powers. Furthermore the establishment of the United Arab Republic in 1958, which was the fusion of Egypt and Syria into one nation, was a bold experiment of Arab unity. Arab unity is one of the principal goals of Arab nationalism and it had been finally achieved. Even though it was a short lived political union it was distinguished to be a significant triumph over Western imperialism and emphasised that Arab nationalism and Arab unity did have the potential to be a distinct reality instead of being a mere ideological dream. The Arab defeat of the 1967 war had an implicit impact on Arab nationalism and led to the questioning of the secular ideology which had dominated Arab politics during the 1950s and 1960s. â€Å"It took some time for the light to go out on Arab nationalism, but its power generator went down in June 1967. After the Six-Day War, the slide of Arab nationalism toward political marginality became irreversible† (Dawisha, 2003). It is important to note that there was a considerable amount of other challenges which hindered the accomplishment of Arab unity, the principle goal of Arab nationalism. For instance there were evidently competing fidelities to tribes, sects region and religion â€Å"the Arabs were divided into sub-states identities such as tribe, religion and sect† (Dawisha, 2003). Furthermore there were different interpretations and clarifications of Arab nationalism. â€Å"Variations on Arab nationalism multiplied sometimes even inspiring separate classifications su ch as Nasserism and Ba’thism, and even more arcane subclassifications, such as neo-Ba’thism. Many of these became rivals, even to the point of bloodshed† (Kramer, 1993). Certain scholars stress that nationalist sentiment in the Middle East has significantly declined as a consequence of contesting ideologies such as Islamism (Myhill, 2010). Since 1967, Islamism has increasingly been perceived as an alternative discourse to secular Arab nationalism. In particular, it is deemed by some to be a form of response to significant failures such as the defeat of 1967 and the failure of the Arab nations to unite politically. The dissatisfaction of the people permitted Islamist groups to mobilise further recruits. During the period in which Nasser’s Arab nationalism was in power, Islamist ideologies had been marginalised and had been repressed from the political arena. For instance Egypt and Syria constrained the actions of the Muslim Brotherhood. Such circumstances as the defeat of 1967 and the on growing disillusionment of Arab nationalism led to the return of Islamist movements to the political field as such experiences of loss allowed Islam to offer a discourse that would provide the assurance of restoring the Arab region to a condition of fullness and glory. Therefore as an outcome of the decline of Arab nationalism, Islamist ideology began to fill the political void. It is claimed that Islam is the solely authentic ideology native to the Arab people, in particular Islamists contented that the secular nationalist phase was â€Å"untrue to Islam and lacking ‘authenticity’† (Fuller, 2004). In a similar vein it is argued that â€Å"Arab soldiers would have fought more bravely and effectively under the banner of Islam then they did under that of Arab nationalism†. Taking all of this into consideration, it is noticeable that the notion of that Islamism has replaced secular Arab nationalism particularly since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war is widely held. â€Å"In the 1980’s and 1990’s, radical Islam had become for the Arab regimes what Arab nationalism was in the 1950’s and 1960’s† (Dawisha, 2005). A question of relevance here is: Does Arab nationalism have any importance or significance today? It is evident that Arab nationalism went into decline following the 1967 War and that Islamist movements have been deemed as an alternative ideology however is it past the point of resuscitation? Some scholars advocate that Arab unification is completely over with and has no significance in any form (Ajami, 1978). However some judge that Arab nationalism is still in existence but will unlikely to be a potent influence. â€Å"But the Arab world today is so complex and fragmented, with such a maldistribution of population and resources (with a result that exploitation is also skewed in its local intensities) that it seems unlikely that Arab qawmiyya nationalism will survive as a major formative force† (Leiden, 1979). Arab nationalism can no longer hold the assertion that it retains an absolute grip in the mentality of the Arab people. All this, however, should not diminish the potential importance for the future course of Arab politics and culture. â€Å"Yet the idea is not dead; it still possesses force and it is possible that it can be resurrected at some later time† (Leiden, 1979). In a similar vein, it is deemed that â€Å"the fact of Arab nationalism cannot be argued away. It is a major political and social phenomenon as well as a mobilising ideology that has shaken the whole region since the last years of the nineteenth century† (Nafaa, 1983). It cannot be denied that attempts and experiments of Arab unity have been endeavoured and have not produced sincere effective outcomes. For instance notably the United Arab Republic highlighted the disagreements between Egypt and Syria. Furthermore in terms of carrying out collective aims the Arab League which was formed in 1945 was meant to bring into line meaningful cooperation plus social and economic unity. However the Arab League failed to achieve any substantial outcomes. Arab nationalism as an ideology and political movement was meaningless if its ultimate goal, the organic unity of all Arabs was unrealisable (Dawisha, 2005). On a more individual level, at present many Arabs doubt the certainty of the belief in an Arab nation and are significantly less confident on whether there now is an existing collective Arab pursuit or objective (Kramer, 1993). However, does the prosepect of attaining Arab untity really hold no weight in present times? It is important to recognise that at present unities amongst certain nations in the world are prevailing and effective. Undoubtedly, nations gain more power in numbers and that a group of nations united will certainly be more potent than a group of nations separated and split. In recent times, some may deem that the Arab population strongly requires Arab nationalism in order to gain influence in international issues. Long lasting divisions and discords have caused certain Arab nations to be less prominent in international affairs even though the Arab populace represents a considerable amount of people in Middle East and North Africa. For instance, nation states such as Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia are utterly reliant on the West (Khashan, 2000). From the time that they were established, individual Arab states have continuously given precedence to their individual interests. In present times the notion of Arab unity which is the ultimate goal of Arab nationalism may not be as inadequate as many perceive it to be. Undeniably, the accepted wisdom and thinking surrounding Arab nationalism has be subjected to certain setbacks leading to a great sense of dissatisfaction and stunted ambitions. However the notion of Arab unity holds a certain weight and is still of relevance at the current moment in time. If one is to analyse this line of thought on a pragmatic level a coherent political community would stand to serve significant purposes. Some deem that Arab nations should in spite of everything still work towards unity in order to attain constructive entities. This could be regarded to be entities such as an economic market that guarantees free movement of trade, goods and labour, a cohesive stand when handling with foreign powers in concern with economic and political matters. Unity could also serve to provide rapid assistance to an Arab nation intimidated b y a foreign power and to resolve internal Arab disagreements. Additionally an entirely Arab military authority could even be utilised to prevent potential foreign invasions (Khashan, 2000). An innovation Arab awareness should be established on the values of solidarity and constructive cooperation so that nations can associate with one another beneficially. Furthermore, some deem that the decline of Arab nationalism and its lack of influence now are due to the diminishment of imperialism as the perceived enemy. It must be recognised that by the 1960s the threat of imperialism had diminished and the issue had become less pertinent. In specific instances in Egypt and Iraq the British presence had been removed, Algeria had gained independence from the French colonial power; the Baghdad pact had been beaten (Dawisha, 2003). Without the significance of the â€Å"anti-imperialist† or â€Å"anti-colonial† resonance had Arab nationalism deteriorated to be nothing but a meaningless slogan which has run its course? Furthermore the opposition to western domination presented an opportunity and motive for unity, divisions intensified once Western imperialist domination had been removed. â€Å"So long as the greater part of the Arab polities were under the domination of their British, French or Italian overlords, the Arab nationalist c ould cooperate with those espousing a more parochial nationalism in a common effort to expel the colonial power. But once these fragmented parts attained their political independence, the efforts made to unite politically the several parts of the Arab world foundered on the shoals of parochial consideration† (Pfaff, 1970). However, undeniably in more recent times the Arab world has found itself struggling to resist foreign domination yet again in terms of international interference in the forms of Western militaries and United Nations sanctions particularly since after 1990s. On one hand this may be interpreted to have pushed Arab nationalism to retreat virtually to its state of origin however on the other hand this may be seen as to be a potential catalyst for a revival of Arab nationalism. For instance, the 2003 invasion of Iraq evoked a reaction of a certain Arab nationalist rhetoric (Taylor, 2003). All of this points to the conclusion that even though in the present day the set of beliefs relating to Arab nationalism are not as widely held as they were in the epochs of the 1950s and 1960s furthermore many claimed that the Arab vision for unity was irrelevant and exhausted especially after the Arab defeat in 1967 and overshadowed by Islamist movements. In spite of this the existence of Arab nationalist ideas are still prevailing in the Arab world and unification and political amalgamation is still required. â€Å"Nationalism will always exist when one group feels exploited by another† (Leiden, 1979) therefore in the future Arab nationalism may become more appealing due to prevailing international interference in the region and western domination. It has become evident in this study that Arab nationalism was considered to be a force implemented against colonisation and imperialism in this line of thought Arab nationalist ideas could still be utilised today in order to atta in solidarity to deter foreign intrusions. Bibliography Ajami, F. (1978). End of Pan-Arabism. Foreign Affairs, 355-373. Dawisha, A. (2003). Requiem for Arab Nationalism. Middle East Quarterly, 25-41. Dawisha, A. (2005). Arab nationalism in the twentieth century : from triumph to despair. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Fuller, G. (2004). The future of political Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Karsh, E., Karsh, I. (1996). Reflections on Arab nationalism. Middle Eastern Studies, 367-392. Khashan, H. (2000). Revitalizing Arab Nationalism. Middle East Quarterly, 49-56. Kramer, M. (1993). Arab nationalism: mistaken identity. Daedalus , 171-206. Leiden, C. (1979). Arab Nationalism Today. Middle East Review, 45-51. Myhill, J. (2010). The islamization of arab nationalism. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 19-43. Nafaa, H. (1983). Arab Nationalism: A response to Ajamis Thesis of the End of Pan-Arabism. Journal of Arab Affairs, 173-199. Pfaff, R. (1970). The function of Arab nationalism. Comparative Politics, 147-167. Rubin, B. (1991). Pan-Arab nationalism: The ideological dream as compelling force. Journal of Contemporary History, 535-551. Said, E. (1993). Culture and imperialism. London: Random House LLC. Suleiman, Y. (1994). Nationalism and the Arabic language: A historical overview. In Y. Suleiman, Arabic sociolinguistics: Issues and perspectives (pp. 3-23). New York: Routledge . Taylor, P. (2003, April 04). War Spawns New Arab Nationalist Mood, Pride. Retrieved April 04, 2014, from Arab news: http://www.arabnews.com/node/230249